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History of Statistic
Origins

Statistics arose from the need of states to
collect data on their people and economies, in
order to administer them. Its meaning
broadened in the early 19th century to include
the collection and analysis of data in general.
Today statistics is widely employed in
government, business, in the natural and social
sciences
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History of Statistics
Statistics has an interesting history of
development. Before becoming a science in its
modern sense, statistics had a long history of
development. Numerical data relating to
particular events, were being used already in
antiquity
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Antiquity
The origin of descriptive statistics can be
traced to ancient Rome and China, the
Babylonians and Egyptians carried censuses
in 4500-3000 B.C. It is known that 5
thousand years BC a population census took
place in China, registration of property was
conducted in ancient Rome
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Ancient Rome
 Roman Emperor Augustus (27 B.C.-17 A.D.)
conducted surveys on births and deaths of the
citizens of the empire as well as the amount of
livestock each owned and the crops each harvested.
In order to use this information, the Romans had to
develop methods of collecting, organizing, and
summarizing data
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Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, censuses of population,
household goods and land were conducted.
During the fourteenth century, people began
keeping records on births, deaths, and
accidents in order to determine insurance rates
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School of Political arithmetic
The first scientific school which was much
closer to the modern understanding of statistics
was an English school of political arithmetic.
Its founders were William Petty (1623 - 1687)
and John Graunt (1620 - 1674)
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William Petty and John Graunt
John Graunt
John Graunt (24 April 1620 - 18 April 1674) was
one of the first demographers. Graunt, along
with William Petty, developed early human statistical
and census methods that later provided a framework
for modern demography. He is credited with
producing the first life table, giving probabilities of
survival to each age. Graunt is also considered as one
of the first experts in epidemiology, since his famous
book was concerned mostly with public health
statistics
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John Graunt
John Graunt studied the number of males
and females born. He discovered that
slightly more males were born than females,
but that more males than females died
during the first year of life
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William Petty
Sir William Petty (27 May 1623 – 16
December 1687) was an English economist,
scientist and philosopher. It is for his theories
on economics and his methods of political
arithmetic that he is best remembered,
however, and he is attributed as having started
the philosophy of 'laissez-faire' in relation to
government activity
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William Petty
Petty's only statistical technique is the use of
simple averages. He would not be a statistician
by today's standards but during his time a
statistician was merely one that employed the
use of quantitative data. Because obtaining
census data was difficult, if not impossible,
especially for Ireland, he applied methods of
estimation
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Gottfried Achenwall
Gottfried Achenwall (20 October 1719 – 1
May 1772) was a German philosopher and
statistician. He is counted among the inventors
of the term “statistics”. He first began to read a
new course "statistics" in the University of
Göttingen, which explained how the state was
arranged
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Adolphe Quetelet
The next direction of statistical sciences statistics and mathematics. Among the
representatives of this trend a famous
Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet
(1796 - 1874) should be noted as a
founder of the mean values theory
Adolphe Quetelet
Adolphe Quetelet
Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet (22
February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a
Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician
and sociologist. He was influential in introducing
statistical methods to the social sciences. Quetelet
founded several statistical journals and societies,
he was especially interested in creating
international cooperation among statisticians
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Adolphe Quetelet
The new science of probability and statistics was
mainly used in astronomy at the time, to get a
handle on measurement errors with the method
of least squares. Quetelet was among the first who
attempted to apply it to social science, planning
what he called a "social physics". He was keenly
aware of the overwhelming complexity of social
phenomena, and the many variables that needed
measurement
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Adolphe Quetelet
His goal was to understand the statistical
laws underlying such phenomena as crime
rates, marriage rates or suicide rates. He
wanted to explain the values of these
variables by other social factors. These
ideas were rather controversial among other
scientists at the time who held that it
contradicted a concept of freedom of choice
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Adolphe Quetelet
Adolphe Quetelet was a great organizer
of
statistical
science
and
practice. Thanks to his efforts in 1846
there was carried out the first Belgian
population census, based on scientific
principles
of
organization
and
methodology
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Adolphe Quetelet
He organized the International Statistical
Congresses. There were 9 congresses
from 1853 till 1975. They gathered
statisticians of the world to discuss and
develop a unified state statistical
methodology. Starting from those times
national statistical procedures had been
conducted
by
governments
of
corresponding countries
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Mathematicians
Mathematical trend in statistics was
developed in England by Francis Galton
(1822 - 1911) and Karl Pearson (1857 1936), William Sealy Gosset (1876 1937), better known under the pseudonym
Student, Ronald Fisher (1890 - 1962),
Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874 - 1948) and
others
Francis Galton
Karl Pearson
Ronald Fisher
History of Statistics
 Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) used probability and statistics
in his studies of heredity at a monastery in Brunn; Sir
Francis Galton (1822-1911) did correlation studies using
peas, moths, dogs, and humans. Sir Ronald Fisher (18901962) developed statistical methods in inferential
techniques, experimental design, estimation, and analysis
of variance. Many new statistical methods have been
developed since 1900, and new techniques in research and
statistics are being studied and perfected each year
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Origins

Because of its origins in government and its
data-centric world view, statistics is
considered to be not a subfield of
mathematics but rather a distinct field that
uses mathematics. Its mathematical
foundations were laid in the 17th and 18th
centuries
with
the
development
of probability theory
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Origins
The method of least squares was invented
around the turn of the 19th century by several
authors. Since then new techniques of
probability and statistics have been in
continual development.
Modern computers have expedited large-scale
statistical computation, and have also made
possible new methods that would be
impractical to perform manually
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Prominent Russian Statisticians
A prominent place in the development of Russian
statistical science and practice belongs to
Ivan Kirillov (1689 - 1737), Ivan Germann (1755
- 1815), Dmitry Zhuravsky (1810 - 1856), Petr
Semenov-Tian-Shansky (1827 - 1914),
July Yanson (1835 - 1893), Alexandre Chuprov
(1874 - 1926), Vasily Nemchinov (1894 - 1964),
Stanislav Strumilin (1877 - 1974),
Vladimir Starovsky (1905 - 1975) and others
Former Head of the Federal Statistical Agency
Vladimir Sokolin

This is the final banquet
of the Second World
Forum of statisticians July 1, 2007 in
Istanbul.Near Sokolin his
wife Jeanne and
Assistant Ilya. Right - the
head of the statistical
service of Lithuania
Algirdas Shemetov. I
made this picture
Head of the Federal Statistical Agency
Alexandre Surinov
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