Muslim’s Freedom
Movement and
Independence of Pakistan
Ms. Sabeen Yunus.
Educational Movements
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Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 18171898)
Tehrik-i-Deoband (1866)
Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow (1894) WestrenAnd
Religion trends of Education
Anjuman-i-Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884)
Islamia college for women (1938)for men(1913)
Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam, Karachi(1885)
Syed Hasan Ali Afandi. Sind Muslim
College(1943) Ali Garh
Islamia College, Peshawar (1902)Sahibzada
Abdul Qayyum
Political /Jihadi Movement
Mohim ambela(1863)
 Reshammi Romal Movement(1905)
 Maulvi Mehmudulhassan & Uleamaye
Duiband
 Tehrikey Khilafat (1920)
 Khaksar Tehrik
 Indian National Congress(1885)
 Formation of Muslim League
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Legislative Councils Act 1861
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First ever constitutional structure
Constitutional reforms in India
Inclusion of Indian people
British passed provisions for Local Government
Introduction of Governor General Councils
Enforcement of Legislative Councils
No's of Legislative Councils were increased
Authority of Governor-General
Provincial Heads as Lieutenant Generals
Formation of The Indian National
Congress
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A former member of Indian civil service, Allan Octavian
Hume wrote a letter to students of Culcutta University for
setting a national political organization.
A conference was called in Bombay and second in
Culcutta on 28 December 1883.
A meeting in 1886 of 436 delegates' elected
representatives of their provinces.
Aim is to promote welfare of Indians by educating them
in India and Britain
More representatives in ICS and legislative councils
Indian Councils Act 1892
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Congress dissatisfaction with LCA 1861.
Demanded more presentation in legislative and
administrative bodies
Nominations of Central and Provincial Legislative
Councils through general elections instead of
nomination.
Appointment through competitive exam.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Criticism on demands.
Salient Provisions of Act 1892:
Increase in non-official members in Central and
Provincial Legislature
Right to question/discussion of annual budget
Right to local bodies to elect members for legislative
councils.
Urdu -Hindi Controversy 1867
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Urdu replaced Persian as an official language in
1837.
Anti-Urdu Agitation by Hindus
Urdu banned in Bengal (1871) by Lt. Governor
George Campbell, scrapped from syllabus.
1900, UP Lt. Governor Anthony McDonell
ordered Hindi as an official language.
Anjuman-i-Tarakki-i-Urdu by Baba-e-Urdu,
Maulvi Abdul Haq.
Urdu Defence Association, Nawab Mohsin ul
Mulk, 2 May,1900.
Partition of Bengal 1905
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Lord Curzon Viceroy (1899)/ Administrative problems
East/West Parts
Eastern Bengal new prospects for Muslims
Hindus Reaction
Muslim domination
End to political position
National tragedy (16th Oct,1905)
Swadeshi Movement (Swami Dayanand) -> boycott of
foreign goods
Boycott forthcoming tour of King George-> Delhi
Darbar 1911-> annulment of Bengal/ capital from
Calcutta to Delhi
Simla Deputation 1906
35 Members delegation led by Sir Agha Khan met Lord Minto.
4 major demands
•Separate electorate
•Weight age
•Government and official services
•Aligarh University
Results
•Great political achievement for Muslims
•Acceptance of Muslim demands under Minto-Morley reforms
1909
•Basis for Muslim unity and organization
Establishment of Muslim League 1906
Reasons
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Urdu Hindi Controversy
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Negative role of Hindus-> Arya Smaj/Gao Raksha Sabah
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Congress Representation
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Success of Simla Deputation
Background
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All India Educational Conference, Dhaka,1906.
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Nawab Salim Ullah resolution (All India Muslim Confederacy).
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Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and Nawab Viqar ul Mulk joint secretaries.
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60 member committee drafted ML constitution.
 1907 Karachi Session it was adopted. Green Book (Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar)
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1908, Sir Agha Khan(President), Major Hassan Bilgrami (Joint Sec), Syed Amir Ali
(London Branch).
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Aligarh as ML Headquarter.
Objectives
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1) Muslim/British gap 2) Political rights 3) Friendly relations with all communities
Achievements
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1) Representation 2) Answer to Congress propaganda
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3) Approval of separate electorate 4) Lucknow pact
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909
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Political Reforms
Separate electorate of Muslims
Hindus included in Executive Councils
Legislative Councils were expanded/ authority.
Viceroy Council membership fixed at 60.
Local bodies/trade unions/universities allowed to elect their members.
Lt. Gov appointed in Bengal/Bombay/Madarass.
Administrative councils in small provinces.
Members of executive councils increased from 2-4.
Positive Aspects:
Impetus to constitutional development in India.
Introduced system of elections
Muslims political importance was enhanced
Lucknow Pact 1916
Background
 Idea of self -rule
 Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity
 Main Clauses of Lucknow Pact
 Separate Electorate for Muslims
 Provincial councils with 4/5th elected
and1/5th nominated members.
 Major provinces legislative councils with
125 strength, Minor 50-75.
 Elected member for terms of 5 years
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Muslims elected through special electorates and their
representation
varies in each province Punjab 50 %, Bengal 40 %,U.P 30
%, Bombay
33 1/3 % , Bihar 25 %, C.P 15% Madaras15 % respectively.
 Reservation of 1/3rd seats for Muslims in the central
legislature.
 Seats reserved for Muslims in minority provinces and
vice versa for Hindus.
 No bill or resolution shall be presented in Assembly that
affects interests of other communities.
 Provincial Autonomy shall be given to provinces.
 Significance of Lucknow Pact
 Political advancement for Muslims
 Hindus acknowledged Muslims as separate electorate
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Chelms-Ford Reforms 1919
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Background
S.A Rowlett Act 1919
Jallianwala Bagh incident Amritsar 1919
Salient Features of Reforms
Bicameral legislature
Upper house 5 years and lower house for 3 years
Separate electorate for Muslims
System of Dyarchy was introduced at provincial level
Subjects divided between centre and provinces
Governor General’s executive council and power
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924
Objectives of Khilafat Movement
 Khilafat Conference and Khilafat
delegation
 Non-C0-operation Movement
 Hijerat Movement
 Moplah Uprising
 Chaura Chauri Incident
 Reasons of Failure of Khilafat Movement
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Political Struggle 1920-1940
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Delhi Proposals 1927
Simon Commission 1927
Nehru Report 1928
Quaid-e Azam Fourteen Points 1929
Allahbad Address 1930
Round Tables Conferences 1930-1932.
Government of India Act 1935.
1937 Elections and Congress Rule
End of Congress Rule and Day of Deliverance
Pakistan Movement 1940-1947
Pakistan Resolution 1940
 Cripps Proposal 1942
 Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944
 Cabinet Mission 1946
 3rd June Plan 1947
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