APPLE Curriculum:
Fundamental Principles of
Medical Education
Academy of Master Educators
Committee on Teaching Residents
to Teach
APPLE: Fundamental Principles
 Introductions
 Warm-up



activity
Name the best teacher you’ve had (any level)
What was it about them that was so good?
Write it on an index card
APPLE: Fundamental Principles
Learning objectives:
 Appreciate
 Outline
 Be
the resident’s role as teacher
key adult learning principles
able to assess basic learner needs
APPLE: Resident Role as Teacher
I don’t know anything. What in the world
could I teach?
How can I teach when I’m still learning?
APPLE: Resident Role as Teacher
You WILL…
 50-75% of MS teaching done by Rs/Fs
You HAVE to…
 ACGME requirement, reality on wards
You BENEFIT from it…
 Teacher/learner dual role
What To Teach?
 K:
Knowledge (facts)
 S: Skills (assessment, exam, procedures)
 A: Attitudes (empathy)
 B: Behaviors (professionalism)
Things you can do even if you don’t
know too much…
 Set
a positive climate for learning (be
enthusiastic!!!)
 Clarify learner goals
 Balance intellectual/emotional learning
 Share feelings/thoughts with the learners
(without dominating)
Things you can do even if you don’t
know too much…
 Motivate
learners (get them involved!)
 Model life-long learning (be a role model)
 Organize and make available resources
 Take responsibility for their learning
Things you can do even if you don’t
know too much…
 Model
professionalism…
 Your role as a role model…
APPLE: Resident Role as Teacher
 Video
#1
APPLE: Resident Role as Teacher
Who do I teach?
 Patients
 Families
 Students
 Other trainees
 Staff
 Each other
APPLE: Resident Role as Teacher
 Video
#2
APPLE: Resident Role as Teacher
Department-specific teaching roles and
opportunities…
APPLE: Adult Learning
How do adults want to learn?
 Relevant, goal-oriented, practical
 Problem-centered, experience-oriented
 Safe, respectful
 Active, autonomous, self-directed
 Building on past experiences/foundations
 With feedback
APPLE: Adult Learning
4 primary elements of adult learning:
 Motivation
 Reinforcement
 Retention
 Transference
APPLE: Adult Learning
What motivates adult learners?
 Social relationships
 External expectations
 Social welfare
 Personal advancement
 Escape/stimulation
 Cognitive interest
APPLE: Adult Learning
What holds adult learners back?
 Competing responsibilities (time, money)
 Lack of self-confidence
 Real-world issues (transportation, family)
 Amotivation
APPLE: Adult Learning
 Reinforcement

correct mistakes, maintain appropriate
behavior/knowledge
 Retention

meaning/purpose, interpret/apply, practice!
 Transference

use info in new settings
APPLE: Fundamental Principles
Videos #3 and #4: examples of good/bad
teaching
Scrubs, My Fair Lady, Sound of Music,
School of Rock, Dead Poets Society, etc.
APPLE: Assessing learner needs
“We teach what we know, not always what
they need to know.”
 Learner
goals
 Learner level
 Learning style
APPLE: Assessing learner needs
Learner goals:
 What
does the learner want to get out of
the experience?
APPLE: Assessing learner needs
Learner level: RIME
 Reporter
 Interpreter
 Manager
 Educator
APPLE: Assessing learner needs
Learning styles
 Take the survey!
APPLE: Assessing learner needs
Learning styles
 Mixed learning styles in groups
 Matching by individual may or may not
help, and will be hard to do
 Auditory, visual, kinesthetic
APPLE: Assessing learner needs
Activity:
How might this work in your setting?
APPLE: Fundamental Principles
Conclusions:

Residents have a crucial and potentially
rewarding role in teaching

Adult learners need safe environments, active
learning with feedback, and relevance to
past/future

Assess learner goals, level, and style to
maximize teaching benefit