民族地区口述历史教学的实践研究
Practices and Research of High School Oral History Teaching in Ethnic Areas
以贵州苗乡师生的锡绣文化口述历史项目为例
-A Case Study of Tin Embroidery Culture Oral History Project by Teachers and Students
in Miao Area, Guizhou Province
陆永琍
Lu Yongli
蔡霖
杨晓燕
Cai Lin
Yang Xiaoyan
贵州凯里市第一中学
Guizhou Kaili No.1 Middle School
问题的提出 ISSUES RAISED
在21世纪初，中国开始了第八轮基础教育改 革，旨在从以教师为中心的讲座和死记硬背的学
习转移到以学生为中心的教学方法，包括合作学习、发现方法、和基于项目的学习活动。
In the early 21st century, China began the eighth round of basic education reform，aimed at shifting
from teacher-centered lectures and rote learning to student-centered teaching methods, including
cooperative learning, methods discovery, and learning activities based on the project.
研究性学习课程加入到中学课程中，以帮助学生培养研究技能。
Added research study courses to the secondary school curriculum to help students develop research skills.
问题的提出 ISSUES RAISED
与此改革呼应，我们几个历史教师在凯里市第一中学发起了有关苗族和侗族少数民族服饰、饮
食、歌舞、风土人情的研究。
Echoed with the reform, several of us, all history teachers, firstly launched a study of clothing, food, dance and
local customs of the Miao and Dong ethnic minorities in Kaili No.1 Middle School.
获得从青树教育基金会的支持和资金后，2012年我们开始了位于南寨苗乡锡绣文化的口述历
史项目。
After we obtained support and funding from Evergreen Education Foundation, we started an oral history project
of tin embroidery cultural located in Nanzhai Miao village in 2012.
项目目标ProjectObjectives
（一）
增加学生对少数民族文化的了解
To increase students' understanding of minority cultures
增强学生对本地少数民族文化的热爱
To enhance students' love of the local minority culture
培养学生研究能力
To develop students’ research capacity, Information literacy and skills
信息素养和技能
Information literacy and skills
访谈、抄本
Interviews, manuscripts
拍照、录音、录像
photographs, audio, video
项目目标ProjectObjectives
（二）
提高教师指导学生进行探究性合作学习的能力
Improve teachers ability in guiding students to investigation cooperative learning
探索民族地区高中历史课堂教学改革的可行途径
Explore feasible way to the high school history teaching reform in the ethic areas
增强受访者对本民族文化的自豪感
Enhance interviewees pride of the national culture
项目过程 Project Process
培训 Training
受访者选择 Selection of interviewees
访谈提纲 Interview outline
访谈地点和信任关系的建立Interview location and the establishment of a trust relationship
访谈过程 Interview process
后续回访分享计划 Sharing plan of
subsequent visits
项目过程 Project Process
培训 Training
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项目过程 Project Process
受访对象Choose interviewees
锡绣传承人龙女三九
Inheritor of Tin Embroidery
Dragon Lady Sanjiu
展留村村民
Villagers from
Zhanliu village
锡绣传承人王亨石
Inheritor of Tin Embroidery
Wang Hengshi
访谈提纲 Interview Outline
基于背景研究，学生制作了访谈提纲。其问题可归为三个类别：
The students made an interview outline based on the background
research. Their questions can be grouped into three categories:
1 ）锡绣文化 Tin embroidered culture
2 ）锡绣的历史和文化价值 Historical and cultural values of Tinembroidery
3 ）在现代文明的冲击下锡绣的承继状况
The inherited condition of Tin embroidery under the impact of modern civilization
访谈地点和信任关系的建立
Interview Location and the Establishment of a Trust Relationshi
后续回访分享计划
Sharing Plan of Subsequent Visits
1）工作产品与锡绣苗族社区的分享，采取将录像和录音回赠给传承人和村民。
Share work product with tin embroidery Hmong community, in the way of donating video and audio back to the
inheritors and villagers.
2）项目组师生以展板、录音、录像和照片的方式向全校师生展示剑河锡绣；
Teachers and students of the project team show the whole school Jianhe Tin embroidery by display panels, audio,
video and photos.
3）邀请传承人到学校讲述关联的人生故事/经历
Invite inheritors to tell their related life stories / experiences in the school
4）将工作产品作为地方课程资源进入课堂
Introduce the work product as a local curriculum resources into the classroom
5）加强学校网站和图书馆数据库建设
Strengthen the construction of school website and library database
访谈总结: 锡绣文化——锡绣的制作工艺
Interview Summary: Tin embroidery Culture--Production process of Tin embroidery
苗族自己种棉, 织布做衣
Miao people make and dye theirdresses
with self-grown cottons
藏青色布绣上白色的锡
Metal tin embroidered on the indigo cloths
访谈总结: 锡绣文化——锡绣的历史和文化价值
Interview Summary: Tin embroidery Culture--Historical and Cultural Values
衡量女性勤劳贤淑的指标
Indicator of female
industriousness and virtuosity
锡绣图案特点 Features
苗族历史文化的载体Carriers of Miao History and Culture
抽象符号 Abstract designs and signs
×∨
Ⅲ
布局精妙 Delicate Layout
构图寓意苗族和谐相处如一家Symbolizes Miao people live in harmony as a big family
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访谈总结：锡绣文化——锡绣的挑战和机遇
Interview Summary: Tin Embroidery Culture --- Challenges and Opportunities
家庭、群体互学是锡绣传承的主要方式
Mutual learning between Families and
groups ain way
of Tin embroidery heritage
挑战Challenges
现代文明的冲击 Impact of modern civilization system
现代教育体系的冲击Impact of modern education system
机遇Opportunities
国家文化遗产保护体系
National cultural heritageprotection mechanism
工作室, 民间工艺比赛, 游客和商家订单
Fashion Design
Competition
Studios, arts & crafts competitions, orders from tourists and businessmen inadequacy
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反思: 口述历史在中学教育中的作用
Reflection: Role of Oral History Projects in Secondary Education
帮助学生探索和了解当地的历史文化
Help students connect with the culture and history of their own communities
扩展学生的视野
Expand students’ vision
让学生参与更多的社交活动,积极影响其社会和情感生活
Engage students in social interactions: positive impact on their social and emotional life
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反思: 口述历史在中学教育中的作用
Reflection: Role of Oral History Projects in Secondary Education
提高学生技能 Acquired Practical Skills
团队合作能力 Teamwork
沟通技巧 Communication skill
研究能力 Research skill
分析能力 Analytical skill
IT技能 IT skill
提升教师作为引导者的能力
Enhanced abilities in designing and organizing teaching process
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反思：不足与改进
Reflection: Shortcomings and improvements
项目目标实现的测量存在不足
Inadequate in the measure of
achieving the objective
工作产品与全校师生社区分享的方式存
在不足
Inadequate in the way
to share work products with
the whole school community
工作产品的归档存在不足
Inadequate in archiving work
products
视频资料拍摄收集存在不足
Inadequacy in collection of video
materials shooting
改进
改进
改进
改进
熟练地运用青树基金会小型项目测评表
Skilled use of small projects’ evaluation form
Evergreen Education Foundation
吸引更多的师生参加口述历史工作；加强宣传，访谈
的故事要让大家知道；研究对象多元化Attract more
students and teachers to participate in the oral history
work；strengthen publicity, let everyone know interview
stories; diversify subjects
注意同图书馆、博物馆、电视台等机构合作；加强学
校网站和图书馆数据库建设Pay attention to the
cooperation with libraries, museums, television and other
agencies; Strengthen the construction of school Website
and library databases.
加强摄像技术、完善拍摄细节
Strengthen camera technology, perfect
shooting details
17
谢谢
Thank you
Evergreen Education Foundation:
http://www.evergreeneducation.org/