The International Seabed
Authority and Land-Locked
Developing Countries
UNCLOS and the LLDCs
United Nations, New York
1 June 2012
Michael W. Lodge
Deputy to the Secretary-General
The seabed beyond national jurisdiction - the 'Area'. Mineral
resources of the Area are the common heritage of mankind.
Mineral exploration or exploitation in the Area may be
conducted only under contract with the International
Seabed Authority.
LLDC members of ISA
ARMENIA
BOLIVIA
BOTSWANA
BURKINA FASO
CHAD
LAO PEOPLE’S DEM. REPUBLIC
LESOTHO
MALAWI
MALI
MOLDOVA
MONGOLIA
NEPAL
PARAGUAY
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REP.OF
MACEDONIA
UGANDA
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
10%
LLDC UN members non-SPLOS
18 of the UN
members who are
not parties to
UNCLOS are landlocked
42%
LLDC participation
Article 148
Special needs of LLGDS to overcome obstacles
arising from their disadvantaged location, including
remoteness from the Area
Article 160(2)(k)
... problems of a general nature arising for
developing states that are due to their geographical
location, particularly for LLGDS
LLDC eligibility for ISA Council
Group C: major net exporters
Uganda (19.6%)
Zambia (12.9%)
Group D: special interests
Includes land-locked
Group E: equitable geographic representation
Czech Republic, but no LLDC
LLDC benefit-sharing
Article 140
Benefit of mankind as a whole, irrespective of
geographic location ...
Article 160
... equitable sharing of financial and other economic
benefits ...
Article 82
... revenue sharing ...
Articles 143 and 256
Participation in marine scientific research in the
Area (including training).