Kathy Stewart, MD
David Feldstein, MD
PCFDP
11/13/10
Introduction
Objectives
Describe active learning techniques for small and large groups
Formulate learning objectives for an educational program
Design appropriate instructional techniques for an educational program
Formulate an evaluation plan for an educational program
Overview of Program Planning
Things to consider when planning a program
Learners educational needs
Intended learner outcomes
Learning activities
Evaluation plan
Overview
Learning
Objectives
Learning
Activities
Evaluation
Learning
Activities
Overview
Learning
Objectives
Evaluation
Pedagogy v. Andragogy
Pedagogy
Art and science of teaching children
Andragogy
Art and science of helping adults learn
Learner
Pedagogy v. Andragogy
Pedagogy Andragogy
Dependent on teacher Self-directed
Pedagogy v. Andragogy
Pedagogy Andragogy
Learner Dependent on teacher Self-directed
Experience Little previous experience
Wealth of experience is a resource for new learning
Pedagogy v. Andragogy
Pedagogy Andragogy
Learner
Experience Little previous experience
Readiness to
Learn
Dependent on teacher Self-directed
Ready to learn when told
Wealth of experience is a resource for new learning
Ready to learn when experience a need for more knowledge
Pedagogy v. Andragogy
Pedagogy Andragogy
Learner Dependent on teacher Self-directed
Experience Little previous experience
Readiness to
Learn
Orientation to
Learning
Ready to learn when told
Subject-centered curriculum
Wealth of experience is a resource for new learning
Ready to learn when experience a need for more knowledge
Problem-centered curriculum
Pedagogy v. Andragogy
Pedagogy Andragogy
Learner Dependent on teacher Self-directed
Experience Little previous experience
Readiness to
Learn
Orientation to
Learning
Motivation
Ready to learn when told
Subject-centered curriculum
External motivation
Wealth of experience is a resource for new learning
Ready to learn when experience a need for more knowledge
Problem-centered curriculum
Internal motivation
Learning Objectives
Goals
Broad and generalized
The ultimate ‘target’
Too broad for designing assessment
Example: Student will learn proper grammar and spelling.
Objectives
Specific, measurable, short-term observable learner behaviors
Learning Objectives
Specific, measurable, short-term observable learner behaviors
Lead to assessment
Ensure students reach goals
Target four areas
Audience
Behavior
Condition
Degree
Three Domains of Learning
Affective domain
Five levels: Receiving, responding, valuing, organizing, characterizing
Psychomotor domain
Cognitive domain
Bloom’s taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Clark, B. (2002). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Writing Objectives
Knowledge: Cite, define, list, name, select, state, write
Comprehension: Associate, classify, contrast, distinguish, interpret, review
Application: Calculate, demonstrate, order, practice, relate, use
Writing Objectives
Analysis: Analyze, summarize, debate, distinguish, criticize, differentiate
Synthesis: Assemble, collect, design, manage, prepare, specify
Evaluation: Appraise, determine, judge, measure, score, test
Verbs to avoid: Appreciate, know, learn, comprehend, study, understand, believe
Writing Objectives
Psychomotor domain: Integrate, measure, visualize, hold, project, diagnose
Affective domain: Exemplify, realize, reflect
Example 1
Diagnose diabetes
Example 2
Students will gain knowledge regarding the management of complex congenital heart disease.
Example 3
Demonstrate their efficiency in the use of systems based practice.
Writing Your Own Objectives
Now take 5 minutes to write 2-3 objectives for a learning program that will facilitate
Sharing Your Objectives
Pair up in groups of 2-3 and share and critique each others learning objectives
Instructional Techniques
1.
2.
Factors to Consider
Learning objectives
Instructor’s skills and comfort
3.
4.
5.
Learners
Context
Content
6.
7.
8.
Characteristics of techniques
Logistical constraints
Time
Potential Techniques
Knowledge Acquisition
Lecture
Computer tutorials
Email or listservs
Sharing of information or questions
Potential Techniques
Enhancing Cognitive Skills
Case study
Debate
Observation with discussion
Potential Techniques
Psychomotor skills
Demonstration and return demonstration
Simulation – Live or computer-based
Skill practice session
Learner Attention Span
Mills, H.R. (1977) Techniques of Technical Training, 3rd Ed
Active Learning
“Involves learners in doing things and thinking about the things they are doing”
Less emphasis on transmitting information
Emphasis on developing student’s skills
Learners engaged in activities
Learners involved in higher-order thinking
Bonwell and Eison, 1991
Making it Active
Brainstorming
Buzz groups
Problem solving
Mini-assessment
Interactive computer programs
Reflective writing
Practice with Learning Activities
Get back in your group of 2-3 and discuss potential learning activities for your learning program
What Happens After the Course?
Assessment: Analysis and use of data by students/faculty/departments to make decisions about improvements in teaching or learning
Evaluation: Analysis and use of data by faculty to make judgments about student performance. Includes determination of grade.
Evaluation and Assessment
Drive course planning
Based on desired learning activities and outcomes
Take a variety of forms:
Surveys
Interviews
Observation
Skills assessment exams
Standardized scenarios
Backwards Planning
Clark, D. (2008). bdld.blogspot.com. Retrieved from web Nov, 2010.
Kirkpatrick D. (1994). San Francisco, CA: Barrett-Koehler.
Evaluation Methods
Methods
Survey
Questionnaire / Interview
Focus Group
Knowledge Test / Check
Work Review
Skills Observation
Presentations / Teach Bk
Action Planning
Action Learning
Key Business HR Metrics
1
Reaction
Evaluation Levels
2
Learning
3
Behavior
4
Results
Conclusions
Questions or comments about your learning programs?
What have you learned?
Conclusions
Describe active learning techniques for small and large groups
Formulate learning objectives for an educational program
Design appropriate instructional techniques for an educational program
Formulate an evaluation plan for an educational program