GCSE B453
Leeds East Academy
Developing Physical Education Revision
D/S DEVELOPING SKILLS, TECHNIQUES
AND MOTIVATION
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The learning of skills through a range of methods
Trial and
Error
Copying
Others
Practice
and
Rehearsal
Role
Modelling
D/S DEVELOPING SKILLS, TECHNIQUES
AND MOTIVATION
Key Terms – In the MOOD to develop skill
Motivation – The desire to succeed and improve
performance
Operant conditioning – A process in which the performer
amends their performance through positive or negative
reinforcement.
Observational learning - Observational learning, also
called social learning theory, occurs when an observer’s
behaviour changes after viewing the behaviour of a
model.
Demonstration – A response to the observation of a
skilled performer.
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D/S DEVELOPING SKILLS, TECHNIQUES
AND MOTIVATION

Skills are best learnt when:
D/S The importance of different types
of feedback
I/F
If these are done
effectively, there
will be an increase
In motivation.
K/P
E/F
K/R
If these are done
ineffectively, there
will be a decrease
In motivation.
D/S The importance of different types
of motivation
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
•
•
•
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Desire to win
Desire to be successful
Desire to improve
Comes from within
• External Factors
• Coach, Family and Friends
• Money, medals and
trophies.
8.
D/S The importance of goal setting
erformance
Exercise adherence
xercise Adherence
Focus
ids Motivation
Controlling Anxiety
ocus
Enabling Success
llows Progress
ontrol Anxiety
nabling Success
Performance
GOAL - SETTING
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Specific
Measurable
Achievable or agreed
Realistic
Time-phased
Exciting
Recorded.
P/M DEVELOPING PHYSICAL AND
MENTAL CAPACITY

functions of the skeleton
Shape & Support importance of healthy
posture.
Movement/leverage;
importance of levers
and joints in facilitating
movement.
Mineral store;
importance of minerals
for health.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZxLfJRd4cs
Blood cell production;
importance of red
blood cells for
energy/minerals.
Protection; importance
of healthy bones to
avoid injury and allow
sustained involvement in
physical activity.
Interactive Activity

http://prezi.com/wf9ppndiegyh/function-of-theskeleton/
Associated problems with joints and how to avoid them
through physical activity and healthy lifestyles:

Inflammation of joints
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis.
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Application of these via practical examples.
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Structure of joints and the value of
healthy and efficient joints:
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Ligament = Connects bone to bone

Cartilage = Spongy tissue which protects

Synovial fluid = Lubricant to allow smooth movement

Tendon = Connects muscle to bone
Articulating Bones
Shoulder
• Scapula
• Humerus
• Clavicle
Elbow
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
Knee
• Tibia
• Femur
Types of joint:
Hinge – elbow and knee: To enable effective
movement – giving examples.
Movement = Contraction and extension Only
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Ball and socket – shoulder: To enable effective
movement – giving examples.
Movement = Contraction, extension, rotation,
abduction and adduction

Identify the Movements
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Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction.
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Application of these movements via practical examples.
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Understanding the muscular system
in relation to physical performance
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Deltoid; Trapezius; Latissimus dorsi; Pectorals;
Biceps; Triceps; Abdominals; Quadriceps;
Hamstrings)
The roles of muscle in movement
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Prime movers
Antagonist
Synergist
Antagonistic pairs.
Candidates should be able to describe these roles and
give applied practical examples of appropriate muscle
groups that are used when participating in specific
physical activities.
Role and function of tendons
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The value of healthy and efficient muscles and
tendons with associated problems and how to avoid
them:
Soreness
Strain
Overuse
Inflammation
Tendonitis.
Key Terms
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aerobic respiration The chemical reaction in which energy is released from glucose in the
presence of oxygen. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water
anaerobic respiration The chemical reaction in which energy is released energy from
glucose without oxygen. In performers, the glucose is partly broken down to form lactic
acid with the release of a small amount of energy.
glucose A type of carbohydrate which is broken down to release energy during
respiration and is produced by photosynthesis. Simple sugars are for immediate energy
and complex starches are stored in liver and muscles as glycogen and released slowly.
lactic acid The substance produced in muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration, which
occurs due to insufficient oxygen. It causes muscle fatigue. Also produced by some
bacteria from lactose (milk sugar) in the production of yoghurt.
lungs Organs in which exchange of gases between air and blood takes place. Oxygen
enters and carbon dioxide leaves the organ through millions of tiny air sacs called
alveoli which provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
oxygen debt The amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid that accumulates
in muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration. The lactic acid is produced when there is
an insufficient supply of oxygen to the muscles following vigorous exercise. Light
stretching and cool-down will speed up Lactate build-up in muscles.
The effects of lactic acid
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Give applied examples of when lactic acid affects
exercise and training and the ability to maintain
physical activity, to enable participation in an
active, healthy lifestyle.
Anaerobic threshold
The anaerobic threshold, the point at which
lactic acid starts to accumulates in the muscles,
is considered to be somewhere between 80%
and 90% of your maximum heart rate and is
approximately 40 beats higher than the
aerobic threshold. Your anaerobic threshold can
be determined with anaerobic threshold testing.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=hqj9MFkyzWM
P/M Mental Preparation
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Control of emotions to enable fair play and to cope
with stress.
The effects of mental preparation for performance:
Relaxation
Focusing
Raising confidence.
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Application of these methods via practical examples.
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Short term effects of an active,
healthy lifestyle
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Respiratory rate, tidal volume and minute volume
Heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume
Muscle fatigue; increase in temperature.
Changes in blood-flow to muscles during exercise
with identification of the vascular shunt mechanism.
Long term effects of an active,
healthy lifestyle
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Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output
Lung volumes and rate of recovery
Increase in strength of muscle fibres; hypertrophy;
increased tolerance to lactic acid.
Application of these via practical examples.
Exercise and training principles that
affect improving health and fitness
Identification and
description of:
 Specificity
 Progression
 Overload = FITT
 Reversibility.
 Variance
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Identification of the FITT principle and applied
practical examples of how these might affect health
and fitness
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type.
Definitions and examples of aerobic
and anaerobic exercise and training
With O
2
Both
Without O
2
Circuit training
Flexibility training
Weight training
Plyometrics
Fartlek
Interval training.
Continuous training
Identifying potential hazards in a
range of settings related to the role
of participant, leader or official
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The gymnasium/sports hall/fitness centre
Playing field
Artificial outdoor areas
Court areas
Outdoor adventurous areas.
Application of potential hazards via practical
examples.
How to reduce risks and injuries
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Minimising risks through knowledge of:
Correct clothing/footwear
Personal protective equipment
Health and Safety procedures
Lifting, carrying and placing equipment safely
Appropriate level of competition
Warm up and cool down
The importance of personal hygiene to avoid minor
infections.
Opportunities, pathways and
participation in Physical Education
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Level of participation in sport and physical
activity
Effects of media influences and promotional
campaigns for an active, healthy lifestyle on levels
of participation.
Application of these effects via practical examples.
Effects of sponsorship and availability of funds to
follow an active, healthy lifestyle with applied
practical examples.
Reasons for participation and nonparticipation in physical activities
and following an active, healthy
lifestyle
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Local and national provision – examples of levels of provision
locally and nationally in different physical activities and their impact
on participation.
The roles of the following in promoting
participation/leading/officiating in physical activities:
Local authority
Private enterprise
Voluntary organisations (clubs)
National organisations (National Governing Bodies)
Olympic organisations (International Olympic Committee; British
Olympic Association).
Current government initiatives to
promote active, healthy lifestyles
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Five hours of high-quality Physical Education and
sport per week
One hour of physical activity per day
Eating five fruit and vegetables per day.
What schools provide to influence
young people to get involved in
physical activity as part of a healthy
lifestyle.
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The role of the school in promoting an active, healthy
lifestyle:
Examination courses/related qualifications
Extra curricular
Links with clubs/agencies
Health awareness programmes.
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Application of these using practical examples.
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