Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two major psychological perspectives that have dominated how learning has been viewed throughout the
20 th century and into the 21 st century. Both theories provide unique approaches to how learning takes place.

John Dewey
(1859-1952)
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
(1904-1990)

• At the age of 15 attended the
University of Vermont and obtained his bachelor’s degree
• Doctorate in Philosophy was obtained from
John Hopkins University in 1884
• Began teaching philosophy and psychology at the University of Michigan
• In 1894, Dewey joined the faculty of philosophy at the University of Chicago
• In 1904 joined Columbia University

• Psychology (1887)
• Leibniz’s New Essays Concerning the Human
Understanding (1888)
• Studies in Logical Theory (1903)
• How we think (1933)
• Arts as Experience (1934)
• Knowing and the Known (1939)

• Founder of philosophical movement know as pragmatism
• Functional psychology pioneer
• Leader of progressive movement in education
• Developed a metaphysics that examines, precarious, histories, and ends
• Precarious – ongoing experience problematic
• Histories – process of change with an identifiable outcome
• Ends – goals of moral actions

• One of the first ones to propose the connection of education through experience
• His impact to education could be found in current curriculum of K-12 schools, colleges and universities
• Course offering where student have experience to his/her field by doing internships, externships and work-study's to obtain credit for the course as a reward

• Skinner attended Hamilton College pursuing a career as a writer
• Obtained a B.A. in English literature from
Harvard University, later, he obtained a PhD., in Psychology.
• Taught at University of Minnesota, and
Indiana University where he was chair of the psychology department
• Returns to Harvard University in 1948, as a tenure professor, and where he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto

• Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type
(1935) Journal of General Psychology
• Superstition in the pigeon (1938)
Journal of Experimental Psychology
• Are theories of learning necessary (1950)
• Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971)

• Coined the term operand conditioning – Neutral,
Reinforces, & Punishers
• Studied operand conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box”
• His philosophy was “Radical” behaviorism
• Influential psychologist of the 20 th century

With his Operant Conditioning theory, or also called the Skinner
Box,
He used animals to measure response of organism and their orderly interaction with the environment.

Jerome Bruner
(Born 1915)

• Bachelor’s degree from Duke University
• PhD, from Harvard University
• Honorary Doctorates: Harvard, Sorbonne,
University of Brazil, Bruxelles, Chicago, Manchester,
Oslo, Cambridge, Montreal, Pennsylvania,
Barcelona, Berlin, Rome, etc.
• Research director at Institut Jean-Jacques Rouseeau,
Geneva (1921-25)
• Professor of Psychology, Sociology and the
Pylosophy of Science, University of Neuchatel (1925-
29)
• Director, International Bureau of Education, Geneva
(1929-67)
• Director, Institute of Educational Sciences, University of Geneva (1932-71)

• A Study of Thinking (1956)
• Toward a Theory of Instruction (1966)
• Actual Minds, Possible Worlds (1987)
• The Culture of Education (1996)
• Acts of Meaning (1991)

Bruner’s three modes of representation
• Enactive (0 – 1 years) – Encoding action based information and storing it in our memory.
• Iconic ( 1 – 6 years) – information stored visually as images
• Symbolic (7 years onwards) – information stored as code or symbol, such as language.

Behaviorism as we can see we John Dewey’s contribution, education, benefits when using experimental process such as internships and workstudy.
Performing these activities, help a student what to expect in the real world through practicing by doing an internship and getting as a reward school credit

As it was seen with Jerome Bruner theory, where he uses the Three Modes of Representation
• Many adults can perform a variety of motor tasks that they would find difficult to describe visually or in written context
• visual materials helps the adult to have a better understanding of what it’s being taught using illustration
• Bruner’s constructivist theory suggest it is effective when faced with new material to follow a progression from enactive to iconic to symbolic

http://www.biography.com/people/john-dewey-9273497?page=1
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Wikipedia. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey_bibliography
McLeod, S. A. (2007).
B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning - Simply
Psychology.
Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html
http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner.htm

Prolog press release. Retrieved June 23, 2013 from http://www.prlog.org/10814354-influence-of-educational-theoristson-thinking-in-education.html
Wikipedia. Retrieved June 22, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner http://www.psych.nyu.edu/bruner/
Simply psychology. Retrieved June 23, 2013. http://www.simplypsychology.org/bruner.html
Wikipedia. Retrieved June 22, 2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner

• Dewey, John. [Photograph]. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/136338/Studioportrait-of- John-Dewey
• Skinner, B.F. [Photograph]. Education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/skinner-burrhusfrederic1904-1990/
• Bruner, Jerome. Dr. Jerome Bruner. Retrieved from http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/flemmerl/EDTECH575/jeromebruner.
html