KINGDOMS AND
CRUSADES
CHAPTER 15
SECTION 3
(23 slides)
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ALFRED THE GREAT
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king of Wessex
drove Vikings out of Britain
united Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
new kingdom known as “Angleland” or
“England”
founded schools
hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in AngloSaxon language
weak rulers followed
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WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
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ruler of Normandy (part of western France)
descendant of Viking ruler who conquered
Normandy
cousin of King Edward of England
when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson
claimed throne
William believed he was rightful king
William & his army defeated Harold & his foot
soldiers at Battle of Hastings
crowned king of England
became known as William the Conqueror
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Anglo-Saxon resisted his rule
gave land to Norman knights
made them swear loyalty to him as ruler
officials & nobles spoke French
Anglo-Saxons spoke own language,
later known as English
took first census since Roman times
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known as Domesday Book
counted people, manors, & farm animals
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HENRY II
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King of England
used law courts to increase his power
central court with trained lawyers & judges
circuit judges traveled country hearing cases
established common law
 same laws throughout whole kingdom
set up juries to handle argument over land
 grand jury – decided whether people should
be accused of a crime
 trial jury – decided whether an accused
person was innocent or guilty
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KING JOHN
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son of Henry II
raised taxes
punished enemies without a trial
English noble resented his power
refused to obey unless guaranteed certain
rights
forced king to sign Magna Carta, or the
Great Charter
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MAGNA CARTA
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a document of rights
king & vassals both had certain rights & duties
established people have rights
power of government should be limited
took away some of king’s power
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no longer collect taxes unless Great Council agreed
freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial by
their peers or equals
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PARLIAMENT
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King Edward I held meeting of people from different
parts of England
job was to advise king & help make laws
step towards representative government
original Parliament
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two knight from every county
two people from every town
all high-ranking nobles and church officials
later Parliament
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divided into two houses
House of Lords
 high-ranking nobles
 church officials
House of Commons
 townspeople
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KINGDOM OF FRANCE
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Charlemagne’s empire divided into three
parts
western region – Kingdom of France
Hugh Capet – first Capetian king
Capetians controlled area around Paris –
capital
French nobles had more power than kings
changed when Philip II became king
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went to war against England
conquered most of western France territory
result – French kings gained more land &
became more powerful
Philip IV – called Philip the Fair
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met with representatives of three estates, or classes,
of French society
first estate – clergy (ordained as priests)
second estate – nobles
third estate – townspeople or peasants
meeting began the Estates-General
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France’s first parliament
first step towards representative government
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EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA
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Slavs
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organized villages in Eastern Europe
made up of families related to each other
shared land, animals, tools, seeds, etc
built houses partly underground
kept family warm during cold winters
divided into three major groups
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three major groups
 Southern
 Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians
 Western
 Poles, Czechs, & Slovaks
 Eastern
 Ukrainians, Belorussians, & Russians
 controlled land between Carpathian Mountains
& Volga River
 created farmland by chopping down forests &
burning trees to fertilize the soil
 planted barley, rye, & flax
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KIEVAN RUS
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Vikings moved into Slav territory
became rulers
Slavs called Viking rulers the Rus
intermarried into one people
Oleg – Viking leader
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created Rus state around city of Kiev
called Kievan Rus
main ruler – Grand Duke of Kiev
Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, & landowning
nobles helped him govern
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rulers who followed increased Kievan Rus
size
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from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in south
from Danube River in west to Volga River in
west
growth attracted missionaries from Byzantine
Empire
Vladimir - Rus ruler
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married sister of Byzantine emperor
became Eastern Orthodox Christian
declared his people Eastern Orthodox
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MONGOL INVASION
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Slavs call Mongols “Tatars”
named after Mongol tribe- the Tata people
destroyed almost all major cities
only city spared was Novgorod
killed many people
Novgorod rulers (and Russian)
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had to pay tribute to khan
accept Mongols as their rulers
faced attacks by Germans & Swedes
Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Germans &
Swedes
Mongols reward him with title “grand duke”
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THE RISE OF MOSCOW
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damaged during Mongol invasion
recovered & began to grow
located at crossroads of several important
trade routes
Nevsky’s son & descendants became
grand dukes of Moscow
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THE CRUSADES
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Christian holy war
total of ten crusades
Muslim Turks seized control of Byzantine
lands in Asia Minor
Byzantine emperor asks pope for help
Pope Urban II
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asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against
Muslim Turks
urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy Land
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EARLY VICTORIES
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red cross: sign of obedience to pope’s call
First Crusade
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 Antioch in Syria in 1098
 Jerusalem in 1099
 crusaders created four states
 Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine
 country of Edessa
 principality of Antioch in Asia Minor
 country of Tripoli (Lebanon today)
 surrounded by Muslims
 depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for supplies
Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144
European rulers sent another crusade to regain lost lands
 Second crusade a total failure
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DEFEAT
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Muslim named Saladin became ruler of
Egypt
united Muslims
declared war against Christian states
brilliant commander
defeated Christians
captured Jerusalem in 1187
led to Third Crusade
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THIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMS
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European rulers gathered armies to fight Saladin
Frederic emperor of Holy Roman Empire
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drowned crossing a river
King Richard I of England
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Richard the Lion-Hearted
captured a coastal city
agreed to truce with Saladin
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Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety
King Phillip II of France
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went home
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FOURTH CRUSADE
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called by Pope Innocent III
Venice merchants used crusade to weaken
trading rival (Byzantine Empire)
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convinced crusaders to attack Constantinople
 burned looted city
 shocked Western Europeans
 weakened Byzantines
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AFFECT ON EUROPE
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increased trade between Europe &
Middle East
helped break down feudalism
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nobles who joined Crusades sold land & freed
serfs
 reduced their power
 helped Kings build stronger centralized
governments
 Kings taxed new trade with Middle East
 taxes built stronger kingdoms in
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Western Europe
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