Unit 1: Three Worlds Meet
Beginnings to 1763
Pages 22-37
B.C.E. and C.E.
B.c.e. means, “before the common era,”
and refers to time periods from the
beginning up until 0. Also know as b.c.
C.e. means the “common era,” and
refers to time periods from 1 until
present day. Also known as a.d.
Do not be confused, write these down
and everything will be ok!!
What Three Worlds???
This should have been your very first
question. What is your second
question??
WHEN DOES THE BEGINNING
START??? This is your second
question.
Remember to question what you read!!
Answer to first question-- Europe,
Africa, and America’s
Group Work
Divide into your groups and look at the
timeline and picture on page 25.
You are to speculate about what emotions the
Native Americans felt as they watched the
ship approach, and write them down.
Next, as a group, construct three questions
the Native Americans might want to ask the
people on the ship.
You have 10 minutes, then we will share our
thoughts with the class
Effective Note Taking: A
Reminder
What is the piece of writing about?
Read the introduction and headings.
Look at illustrations, charts and graphs and read the captions.
What are the main points or ideas
Read through carefully thinking about what the main points or ideas
are.
Make your notes
In your own words, summarize the information. Do not copy information
directly from the book or internet. If you include a quote that is written in
the book, use quotation marks.
Chapter 1: Section 1
Crossing to the Americas
P. 27-31
Vocabulary Words for Chapter
1: Section 1
Here is a list of words you are responsible for:
Archaeologist
Artifact
Migrate
Culture
Domestication
Civilization
Irrigation
Mound Builders
Beringia
Know these words, you will see them again later!! (Hint :) )
These words can be found in your textbook, p. 27-31
Archaeologist
Artifact
Migrate
Culture
What can you tell
about the culture, of
these children, from
these pictures?
Domestication
Civilization
What is a civilization??
What features do you need to
have a civilization??
5 Features of a Civilization
1. Cities are center of trade
2. Specialized jobs for different people
3. Organized forms of gov’t and religion
4. System of record keeping
5. Advanced tools
What leads to civilization?
The five features, but what is the most
important invention leading to the
formation of civilizations?
Irrigation, Domestication
Irrigation leads to agriculture, which
leads to trade, which leads to villages,
etc..
Irrigation
First People in America
Migrated using the land bridge called
Beringia.
Where did they migrate from and why?
Where is/was Beringia located?
When exactly is the beginning?
Artifacts date back as far as 30,000 years
ago!!
First People in America
Beringia created during the Ice Age
People believed to have migrated from
Asia
Migrated in search of food
Early American Artifacts
Early Mesoamerican
Civilizations
Mesoamerica???
Region that stretches from Central Mexico to
present day Nicaragua
1200 b.c.e.(before common era) Olmec’s: an
advanced Native American civilization that
inhabited this area
They lasted for 800 years: set up trade routes,
built earthen mounds shaped like pyramids, and
constructed large cities-- La Venta
400 b.c.e, they vanished. But they influenced
cultures they traded with, namely, the Mayan’s
The Mayan’s
Located in Southern Mexico and Guatemala
By 250 c.e. (common era) they had an advanced
civilization where they built pyramids, and had an
accurate yearly calendar
1st people to create a number system and they
used pictographs as their written language.
By 900, they disappeared. Where did they go??
Scientists do not know, but speculate that either
disease, revolts, or drought led to their extinction
Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan
The Four Corner Native
American Tribes
4 Corner Tribes are found in these
states:
We will focus on two of the 4
tribes
Anasazi: artifacts found in all 4 states
(Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona)
Hohokam: artifacts found mainly in
Arizona
Location of these tribes
Map of 4 Corner Native
Americans
Anasazi Tribe
Lived in the four corner states area from 100
c.e. to circa 1300 c.e.
Were nomadic hunter-gatherers , who settled
and became farmers
Cultivated maize (corn), squash, and beans
Actively traded with other cultures
Created roads to make trade easier
No writing system--instead used pictographs
Anasazi “spirals”
Anasazi pictographs
Anasazi cont…
Lived on high mesas and in canyons
Built homes out of sun-dried, mud bricks, called
Pueblos
Built homes up against overhanging walls: Why??
Protection, and keep cool in summer and warm in
winter
Lived in communal houses
Houses shared by several families
Used kivas, a large, deep circle, for rituals
KIVA
What is inside a kiva??
Anasazi Pueblo Cliff Dwelling
Anasazi Pueblo Cliff Dwelling
Anasazi Cave Dwelling
Anasazi cont..
By 1300 c.e., culture declined
1600, all villages abandoned
Left all belongings in villages--Why?
Theories as to why
Drought, invaders (war), or a breakdown in
their social structure
Hohokam Tribe
From 300 c.e. to 1500 c.e., they lived mainly
in the Arizona area known as the Tucson
Base
“Desert Agriculturalists”--greatest of the
desert farmers . Built villages close to
streams so they could farm
Adopted the “rancheria” style of living
People living in widely separated house groups
within the village
Used pictographs as their writing style
Hohokam Pictographs
Hohokam “big” house
Hohokam cont…
They were master pottery makers: using
the clay, earthen jars to store crops,
maize, and water
Dug ditches to water their crops
Also known as irrigation
They hunted and gathered, but farming
was their main source of food
Hohokam irrigation canal
Hohokam irrigation canal
Hohokam cont…
By 1100 c.e., the Hohokam and the Mogollon
tribes started integrating with each other
Started living in large, apartment like adobe
houses
By 1350, their cultures were dwindling: due to
environmental factors (drought)
1600, a completely new breed of tribes
inhabited the area, and were encountered by
the Spanish
Mound Builders
Lived in the Eastern part of the U.S.--mainly
the Mississippi valley area
Three major groups:
Adena
Hopewell
Mississippians
These groups built large, earthen structures-some in shapes of mounds, others serpentlike
Adena/Hopewell Map
Adena
Forced their way into their way into the
Ohio Valley around 1000 b.c.e., and
lasted until circa 100 c.e.
Unusually tall people: archeologist
found female bones 6’ tall, and found
some males over 7’ tall
Adena cont..
Known for their agricultural practices, pottery,
artistic works and extensive trading network
Acquired copper from the Great Lakes and
sea shells from the Gulf coast due to trade
Built thousands of mounds (only some
remain) ranging from 20-300 feet in diameter
Adena cont..
Purpose of the mounds:
served as burial structures, ceremonial
sites, historical markers and possibly
gathering places
Adena culture seemed to end around
100 c.e.--Why?
Theory: they assimilated into the
Hopewell culture
Adena Mound
Great Serpent
Hopewell
Culture flourished from 200 b.c.e to
around 400 c.e.
Situated along rivers in the northeastern
and midwestern U.S.
Known for its’ burial ceremonies,
diversified culture, and trade with other
communities
Hopewell cont…
Exported and imported raw materials
from across the country---This means
they traded, and traded often
Relied more on agriculture (farming) as
opposed to being traditional huntergatherers
Chief crops included squash, maize,
and sunflowers
Hopewell cont…
Used a variety of metal for tools and
weapons.
Obtained these metals via trade
Ceased to exist between 200 and 400
c.e.
Theories: society dissolved because of
full-scale farming
Hopewell Mound
Hopewell Mound
Hopewell Mound
Mississippians
Lasted from around 700 to the 1700’s c.e.-Even encountered early Europeans
Lived primarily in the Mississippi valley area
Built one of the first cities in North America
called Cahokia, in Illinois
Cahokia covered about 6 miles and had a
population from 10,000 to 20,000 people
By 1400, the city was abandoned: Either
disease or war with the Europeans
Artists Rendition of Cahokia
Ruins of Cahokia
Mississippians Cont…
Very sophisticated
Political systems
Elaborate trade networks
Complex Mounds
Over 100 of them
Some have houses, some have clay
pottery, some were never used
Mississippians Cont..
1200 c.e., they started to decline
A shift in climate may have affected their
crop growth
By 1400, the city was abandoned, and
the culture gone
Mississippian Mound
Mississippian Mound
Group Work
With members of your group, create a
graphic organizer for the different Native
American tribes we learned about
Make it on a separate sheet of paper in
your notebook. Each student needs to
have one
Example
Anasazi
Hopewell
Mississippians
Adena
Hohokam