Konversi Temperatur Thermal Expansion As its temperature increases, its volume almost always increases. This phenomenon, known as thermal expansion, has an important role in numerous engineering applications. Thermal Expansion Thermal-expansion joints are used to separate sections of roadways on bridges. Without these joints, the surfaces would buckle due to thermal expansion on very hot days or crack due to contraction on very cold days. Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion: The extreme temperature of a July day in Asbury Park, NJ, caused these railroad tracks to buckle and derail the train in the distance. (AP/Wide World Photos) Volume Expansion V V0T ∆V = change in volume (m3) V0 = initial volume (m3) ∆T = change in temperature (oC) = coeficient of volume expansion (1/oC) Liquids generally increase in volume with increasing temperature Thermal Expansion Thermal Expansion A steel railroad track has a length of 30.000 m when the temperature is 0.0°C. (a) What is its length when the temperature is 40.0°C? L L0 T = [11x10-6(0C)-1](30.000 m)(40.0C) = 0.013 m If the track is 30.000 m long at 0.0°C, its length at 40.0°C is 30.013 m. Additional Question.. (b) Suppose that the ends of the rail are rigidly clamped at 0.0°C so that expansion is prevented. What is the thermal stress set up in the rail if its temperature is raised to 40.0°C? F L Y Tensile stress = A Li Because Y for steel is 20x1010 N/m2, Tensile stress is 8.7x107 N/m2 If the rail has a crossectional-area of 30.0 cm2, the force compression in the rails 2.6x105 N Contoh soal 1. Sebuah logam bertambah panjang 1.5 mm saat suhu bertambah 2 kali semula. Besar pertambahan panjang yang terjadi jika suhu bertambah 3 kali semula adalah …. Mm 2. Sebatang balok panjang 10 m ditempatkan pada temperatur mula-mula 10oC. Berapa gaya kompresi ketika temperatur mencapai 40oC ketika daerah kontak antara setiap balok adalah 0.2 m2? (Modulus young balok = 20 x 109 N/m2) Effect of expansion BIMETAL = DUA LOGAM APLIKASI BIMETAL The Unusual Behavior of Water How the density of water at atmospheric pressure changes with temperature. The inset at the right shows that the maximum density of water occurs at 4°C. HEAT Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to a temperature difference between the system and its surroundings. Conduction Conduction is the transfer of heat within a substance, molecule by molecule. If you put one end of a metal rod over a fire, that end will absorb the energy from the flame. The molecules at this end of the rod will gain energy and begin to vibrate faster. As they do their temperature increases and they begin to bump into the molecules next to them. The heat is being transfered from the warm end to the cold end. Convection Convection is heat transfer by the mass movement of a fluid in the vertical (up/down) direction. This type of heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases. This occurs naturally in our atmosphere. Advection Advection is the transfer of heat in the horizontal (north/east/south/ west) direction. In meteorology, the wind transports heat by advection. This happens all the time on Earth, heat is transported in many ways. For example, wind blowing over a body of water will pick up evaporated water molecules and carry them elsewhere, when the air with these water molecules cools, the water will condense Radiation Radiation allows heat to be transfered through wave energy. These waves are called Electromagnetic Waves, because the energy travels in a combination of electric and magnetic waves. This energy is released when these waves are absorbed by an object. For example, energy traveling from the sun to your skin, you can feel your skin getting warmer as energy is absorbed. Three kinds of heat transfer UNITY OF HEAT calorie (cal) is defined as the amount of energy transfer necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C. 1 cal = 4.186 J 1 Cal = 4.186 kJ = 4186 J Heat transfer When energy is added to a substance and no work is done, the temperature of the substance usually rises. For example, the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C is 4186 J, but the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of copper by 1°C is only 387 J. From this de.nition, we can express the energy Q transferred by heat between a sample of mass m of a material and its surroundings for a temperature change T as Q mcT Q = Energy (J) m = massa (kg) c = specific heat (J/kg.oC) ∆T = Temperature (oC) Specific heats Latent heats Different materials store different amounts of heat energy. 90OC 1 kg of Aluminum 90OC 1 kg of Gold 20OC 20OC By the time aluminum heats up to 90OC it will have stored 7 times more calories of heat than the gold did. Black Principle To understand the role of latent heat in phase changes, consider the energy required to convert a 1.00-g block of ice at 30.0°C to steam at 120.0°C. Figue indicates the experimental results obtained when energy is gradually added to the ice. Let us examine each portion of the red curve. Heat Transfer Part A. On this portion of the curve, the temperature of the ice changes from 30.0°C to 0.0°C. Because the specific heat of ice is 2090 J/kg °C, we can calculate the amount of energy added by using equation : QA = miciT = (1.00x 10-3 kg)(2090 J/kg. °C)(30.0C) = 62.7 J Part B. When the temperature of the ice reaches 0.0°C, the ice –water mixture remains at this temperature—even though energy is being added—until all the ice melts. The energy required to melt 1.00 g of ice at 0.0°C is QB = mLf = (1.00 x 10-3 kg)(3.33 x 105 J/kg) = 333 J Thus, we have moved to the 396 J = ( 62.7 J + 333 J) mark on the energy axis. Azas Black Heat Transfer Part C. Between 0.0°C and 100.0°C, nothing surprising happens. No phase change occurs, and so all energy added to the water is used to increase its temperature. The amount of energy necessary to increase the temperature from 0.0°C to 100.0°C is QC= mwcw T = (1.00x 10-3 kg)(4.19x 103 J/kg. °C)(100°C) = 419 J Part D. At 100.0°C, another phase change occurs as the water changes from water at 100.0°C to steam at 100.0°C. Similar to the ice –water mixture in part B, the water–steam mixture remains at 100.0°C—even though energy is being added— until all of the liquid has been converted to steam. The energy required to convert 1.00 g of water to steam at 100.0°C is QD = mLv = (1.00 x 10-3 kg)(2.26 x 106 J/kg) = 2.26 x 103 J Azas Black Heat Transfer Part E. On this portion of the curve, as in parts A and C, no phase change occurs; thus, all energy added is used to increase the temperature of the steam. The energy that must be added to raise the temperature of the steam from 100.0°C to 120.0°C is QE = mscs T = (1.00x 10-3 kg)(2.01x 103 J/kg. °C)(20°C) = 40.2 J The total amount of energy that must be added to change 1 g of ice at 30.0°C to steam at 120.0°C is the sum of the results from all five parts of the curve, which is 3.11x103 J. Conversely, to cool 1 g of steam at 120.0°C to ice at 30.0°C, we must remove 3.11x103 J of energy. QTotal = QA + QB + QC + QD + QE = 3.11x103 J Conversely, to cool 1 g of steam at 120.0°C to ice at 30.0°C, we must remove 3.11x103 J of energy. Geothermal Heat flows outward from Earth's interior. The crust insulates us from Earth's interior heat. The mantle is semi-molten, the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. Geothermal The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Celsius and kilometers). Geothermal Geothermal Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or push together at about the rate our fingernails grow. Convection of semi-molten rock in the upper mantle helps drive plate tectonics. Geothermal New crust forms along mid-ocean spreading centers and continental rift zones. When plates meet, one can slide beneath another. Plumes of magma rise from the edges of sinking plates. Geothermal Many areas have accessible geothermal resources, especially countries along the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire," spreading centers, continental rift zones and other hot spots. Geothermal Thinned or fractured crust allows magma to rise to the surface as lava. Most magma doesn't reach the surface but heats large regions of underground rock. Geothermal Rainwater can seep down faults and fractured rocks for miles. After being heated, it can return to the surface as steam or hot water. Geothermal When hot water and steam reach the surface, they can form fumaroles, hot springs, mud pots and other interesting phenomena. Geothermal When the rising hot water and steam is trapped in permeable and porous rocks under a layer of impermeable rock, it can form a geothermal reservoir. Geothermal If a reservoir is discovered, characteristics of the well and the reservoir are tested by flowing the well. Geothermal This photograph shows a vertical geothermal well test Geothermal Geothermal Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production. Geothermal Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the trubine blades which spin the generator, prducing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burned. Geothermal Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator. Geothermal Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator. Different materials store different amounts of heat energy. 90OC 1 kg of Aluminum 90OC 1 kg of Gold 20OC 20OC By the time aluminum heats up to 90OC it will have stored 7 times more calories of heat than the gold did.