1. Which countries settled portions of the Americas?
Native American Civilizations
• Mayan
• Yucatan Peninsula
• Aztec
• Mexico/Central America
• Tenochtitlan—Capital
• Incas
• Andes Mountains/S. America
• Cusco – Capital
https://www.classzone.com/net_explorations/U4/U4_article1.cfm
Conquistadors- Spanish conquerors
• Even though outnumbered, the Spanish
had several advantages which lead them to
conquer the Native Americans
• Guns/Cannons vs spears/arrows
• Metal armor
• Horses—Native American never
seen before
• Disease—Native Americans
lacked the immunity-resistance
• Small pox, influenza, measles
• Reasons for conquering Native Americans
• Conversion to Christianity
• Gold/Silver deposits
https://world-civ-2012-13.wikispaces.com/Spanish+Conquests+in+the+Americas+(2A)
http://floridahistory.com/inset44.html
Hernan Cortes
•1519 lands in Central America
•1521 Cortes defeats
Moctezuna and the Aztecs
• Demolished Tenochtitlan, later
built Mexico City on the ruins
Francisco Pizarro
• Arrived in Peru in 1532
• 1533 Pizzaro defeats Atahualpa
and the Incas
• Pizzaro creates Lima, Peru
Mayans
• 900s Mayan civilization collapse
• Do not know why
• Spanish claim the former Mayan
lands upon arrival in 1500s
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/gifs/Pizarromap.GIF
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Hernan_Fernando_Cortes.jpg
http://thehistoryjunkie.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pizarroroute.gif
http://www.westmeade.net/Library/EuropeanExplorers/HernandoCortesRoute.gif
• Four Provinces of Spain
• New Spain
• New Castille
• New Granada
• Rio de la Plata
• Each province was ruled by a
viceroy- representative who
ruled in the King’s name
• The Council of the Indies in
Spain oversaw the viceroys
to make sure they didn’t abuse
their power.
http://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist424.htm
Which crop was an major export for Spanish
in the Caribbean/S. America (and still is
today)…(hint molasses)
Spain culture comes to America
• Catholic Missionaries
• Convert Native Americans
• Church officials served as
royal officials
• Franciscans, Jesuits impact
• Built churches
• Baptisms
• Introduced new clothing
• Spanish language
• Controlling trade
• Silver and Gold
• Sugar Cane
• Rum, Molasses
• Only could export raw materials
to Spain and buy Spanish products
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Sugar_Cane.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Mission_Espada_Chapel1.JPG
http://cnx.org/content/m38217/latest/soldiers.png
Slavery in Spanish provinces
• Encomienda- Conquistadors granted to
use Native Americans as forced labor
under brutal conditions
• Native American were called peonsforced labor workers
• Many were killed because of the
conditions or because they
refuse to work
• Africans were brought in because
the Native Americans population
rapidly decreased
• Thought Africans could handle
the working conditions better
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DdivQUdBpT8/T4CEWE3n8NI/AAAAAAAAAbk/xcwhEAVxLYk/s1600/encomienda.jpg
http://ehistory.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/5/7/5057459/encomienda_system.gif
Culture blending/Society
• Spain to Native Americans
• Introduced horses, food, dances
• Native American to Spain
• canoes, food, architecture
http://education-portal.com/cimages/multimages/16/encomiendas-diagram.jpg
• Social classes (from top to bottom)
• Peninsulares
• People born in Spain
• Gov’t and church officials
• Creoles
• American born descendants
of Spanish settlers
• Owned plantations
• Mestizos
• Native American and European
descent
• Mulattoes
• European and African descent
• Africans
Portugal
• Based on Treaty of Tordesillas,
Portugal claimed Brazil
• Export Brazilwood (dye)
• Plantation/cattle raising
• Imported slaves
Pirates/Smuggling
• As more valuable goods were shipped
back Europe, more pirates appeared,
especially around the Caribbean
• Privateers- Pirates who operated
with approval of governments
• Smuggling increased as other European
countries wanted the riches of America
http://www.aurorasilk.com/natural_dyes/assets/brazilwood_colors_800.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_(bw).jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria,_ES,_Brazil.jpg
North American Settlement
• French claims
• Eastern Canada (New France)
• 1534 Jacques Cartier explored
coastline of Canada and found
St. Lawrence River
• Great Lakes to Mississippi to
Louisiana
• Main exports
• Furs, Trapping, Fishing (cod)
• Officials were sent over to oversee
economic activity and collect taxes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Cartier_First_Voyage_Map_1.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Jacques_Cartier.jpg
British claims
• 1497 John Cabot
• Newfoundland
• 1607 Jamestown, Va
• Settlers died of starvation
and disease
• 1620 Pilgrims-English Protestants
who rejected the Church of
England settle in Plymouth, MA
• Mayflower Compact- set guidelines
for governing their colony
• 13 Colonies 1600-1700s
• Colonies were formed for various
reasons
• Royal Governors oversaw the colony
• Parliament control trade
http://dmshistory8.weebly.com/uploads/8/5/5/4/8554984/820764_orig.jpg?384
http://emsexplorers.pbworks.com/f/1193756666/nlc000847-v6.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961
http://www.wlcsd.org/imageGallery/JStearns9295/Explorers/Cabot,%20John/john-cabot.jpg
1. How did the British win the rights to the land east of the Mississippi
River?
2.
Who holds claims to Florida and SW area of the North America (AZ,
NM, TX, CA) in early 1800s?
http://www.ccis.edu/courses/HIST359mtmcinneshin1/week05/New_Folder/MapAngloFrenchNAMERexpansion.jpg
Competition for colonies
• Dutch, English, French, Spanish and
Native Americans all fought for land
War in Colonies
• 1754-1763 French and Indian War/Pontiac’s
War
• British vs French and Native Americans
• 1763 Treaty of Paris
• France gave Canada and all land
east of the Mississippi River to British
• France did keep the Caribbean islands
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Pontiac's_war.png http://britishbattles.homestead.com/files/america/namerica/Indian_Wars/battlemap_of_the_french_and_indian_war.jpg
• Three-legged trade network
• Also known as Triangular Trade
• First leg (Europe to Africa)
• guns, cloth, cash
• Second Leg or Middle Passage (Africa
to America
• Part where slaves were transported
to the Americas
• “Floating coffins”
• ½ died on the way
• Disease (dysentery, smallpox)
• Third Leg (America to Europe)
• Cotton, molasses, sugar, rum, furs
Impact
• By 1500s, 2,000 slaves/year brought over
• 1780s-80,000/ year (Peak)
• Mid 1800s total 11 million brought over
http://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/9384385025.jpg
http://www.slaverysite.com/Body/slave_trade_1650-1860_b%20-%20www.slaveryinamerica.org.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Triangle_trade2.png
Effects of Americas
• Columbian Exchange (named after
Columbus) is the exchange of
goods between America and Europe/
Africa
• Exchange of new Food and Animals
• Population migration and explosion
• Spreading of disease
• Commercial revolution
• Inflation- Rise in prices
• Capitalism growth—privately
owned businesses
• Entrepreneurs– people who take
financial risk to make a profit,
expanded into oversea adventures
• Guilds were bypassed
• “Putting-Out” system– Each
part of creating a product was
done separately by separate
businesses
http://apworldhistory2012-2013.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/9/6/9996001/5885243_orig.jpg
Mercantilism arises
Export more than import to build
gold and silver supplies/wealth
Tariffs- taxes on imported goods
http://rushcanvas.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/58828777/Mercantilism.JPG