History
Fig. 1 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 3)
Introduction
History of Mobile Communications
The beginnings: "archaic mobile communication"
• visual transmission (smoke/light signals,...)
• audible transmission (drums, horns,...)
Electronic
communication:
"terrestrial network"
• Telegraph
1st telegraph line 1843
Washington - Baltimore
• Telephone
P. Reis 1861
A.G. Bell 1876
World Exhibition Philadelphia
Radio transmission:
1873 Maxwell‘s theory of electromagn. waves
1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof
1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission
1901 1st transatlantic transmission
1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske
1906 1st speech and sound transmission
1909 1st radio broadcast
1917 1st mobile transmission: radio station - train
Fig. 2 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 5)
Simplex Connection:
Over
transmit or receive
Duplex Connection:
simultaneous
transmission and reception
Fig. 3 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 7)
Single Cell Systems:
• Low service and speech quality
• Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment
• Small coverage area
• No handover
• Manual exchange
• Low capacity
First Mobile
Services:
• Car telephone service
• Since the late 40‘s
Fig. 4 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 9)
Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications:
Single Cell Systems  Cellular Systems
r
radius
r
Single Cell
System
re-use distance
Cellular
System
Fig. 5 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 11)
First Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems
Country
System
Frequency range
[MHz]
Introduced
in year
USA
AMPS
800
1979
Japan
NTT-MTS
800
1979
Sweden, Norway,
Finland, Denmark
NMT
450, 900
1981 - 86
Great Britain
TACS
900
1985
Germany
C450
450
1985
France
Radiocom2000
450
1985
NMT
900
1989
RTMS
450
1985
TACS
900
1990
Italy
Fig. 6 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 13)
2nd Quantum Leap:
Analog (1st Generation)  Digital (2nd Generation)
Different Generations of Mobile Stations
First generation
mobile telephones
for fixed vehicle
installation and
analog mobile
telephones
Analog technology.
Terminal devices were
bulky and heavy.
Second generation
GSM mobile telephones
Digital GSM technology.
Terminal devices were less
bulky, but still too heavy
(battery capacity problems).
Second generation
GSM mobile telephones
Digital GSM technology.
Terminal devices are handier
and have greater battery capacity.
Fig. 7 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 15)
0,01
2000
1998
1996
10
1994
Germany
GSM (E2)
introduction
GSM (Eplus)
introduction
GSM (D1, D2)
introduction
C-network
introduction
100
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
B-network
introduction
1
1978
Subscriber [M.]
Subscriber trends (Example):
Germany 1978 - 2000
0,1
Year
Fig. 8 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 17)
1G Limitations
 Capacity
 Quality
 Incompatibility
European mobile
communication market
early 90‘s
Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 19)
Introduction
GSM
Global System for
Mobile Communications
Fig. 10 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 21)
GSM Milestones
1978
CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range
1982
CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM
1984-86 Comparison of technical possibilities
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
- free roaming
- international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming)
- large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency)
- flexibility  ISDN
- broad service offering
- security mechanisms
Core of experts meets continuously
Selection of central transmission techniques
Memorandum of Understanding: MoU
ETSI founded
GSM  Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM900 Standard (phase 1)
DCS1800 adaptation
Trials / "friendly user" operation
Start of commercial operation
Beginning of work on phase 2
Completion of work on phase 2 (GSM900/DCS1800)
Reservation of GSM-R frequencies (ETSI)
PCS1900 adaptation (USA)
Fig. 11 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 23)
Goals:
GSM Milestones
1997
1998
1999
2000
Phase 2+: Annual Release `96
DCS1800 / PCS1900  GSM1800 / GSM1900
Dual-band devices
GSM: practical world standard (109 countries/regions; 28 % market share)
Phase 2+: Annual Release `97: GPRS, CAMEL,....
First GSM-R networks
World-wide accessibility using dual mode GSM/IRIDIUM
35 % of world market
Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘98
250 M. subscriber, 130 countries
Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘99: AMR, VHE,... identical to UMTS Rel. ‘99
60% of world market; 410 M. subscriber, 161 countries
Fig. 12 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 25)
GSM Recommendation
Series 01: General
12 Series; each max. 100 Rec.:
Series 02: Service Aspects
e.g. GSM Rec. 08.07
Series 08:
MSC-BSS Interface
PSTN
ISDN
MSC
BSS
Series 03: Network Aspects
Series 09:
Network Interworking
Series 10:
Service Interworking
Series 04:
MS/BS Interface
& Protocols
MS
Series 05:
Um Radio
Transmission
Series 06:
Speech Coding
Register
Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications
Series 067:
Terminal
Adaptors for MS
Series 12: Operation & Maintenance
Fig. 13 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 27)
GSM: Evolutionary Concept
Services
Downward compatibility
Phase 2
Phase 1
Phase 1
1991
Full Rate Speech (FR),
Standard services
Data: max. 9.6 kbit/s
MTPy: Multiparty Service
CUG: Closed User Group
AoC: Advice of Charge
ASCI: Advanced Speech Call Items
SOR: Support of Optimal Routing
UUS: User to User Signalling
Phase 2+
Phase 2
Phase 1
1995
New services e.g.
MTPy, CUG, AoC;
Half Rate Speech (HR)
EFR:
Enhanced Full Rate Speech
IN:
Intelligent Network
CAMEL: Customized Applications for
Mobile network Enhanced Logic
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for the GSM
Evolution
1997
Year
New services e.g.
ASCI, SOR, UUS
EFR;
IN: CAMEL
Data: HSCSD, GPRS,
EDGE (> 100 kbit/s)
Annual Releases !
Fig. 14 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 29)
GSM - Adaptations
GSM-R
890
935
GSM
900
E-GSM
876 880
1880
GSM
1800
GSM
900
GSM
1900
E-GSM
915 921 925
960
[MHz]
1710
Frequency Range
[MHZ]
GSM400
GSM
1800
450.4 – 457.6 / 460.4 – 467.6
1785 1805 1850
Useable HF
channels
35
GSM
1900
1910 1930
1990 [MHz]
Application Area
rural environment
478.8 – 486 / 488.8 - 496
GSM900
E-GSM
890 - 915 / 935 - 960
880 - 915 / 925 - 960
124
174
Worldwide except
America
GSM1800
1710 - 1785 / 1805 - 1880
374
Worldwide except
America
GSM1900
1850 - 1910 /1930 - 1990
299
America
GSM-R
876 - 880 / 921 - 925
19
Railway systems
Fig. 15 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 31)
Example:
Germany
GSM-PLMN
(Public Land Mobile Network)
D1
Telekom
Competition concept:
D2
different network operators,
providers and manufacturers
Mannesmann
Eplus
E2
Viag Intercom
Fig. 16 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 33)
Introduction
1000
100
10
1
0,1
0,01
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
Current Situation,
Market & Trends
Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 35)
Differences:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
target groups
services offered
prices
coverage
degree of mobility
transmission technique
...
analogue
paging systems
e.g. Citycall
digital
paging systems
e.g. ERMES
analogue cordless
telephone systems
e.g. CT1, CT1+
digital cordless
telephone systems
e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP
Cordless
telephone booth
Wireless Local Loop
WLL
analogue
Private Mobile Radio
PMR
digital
PMR
e.g. TETRA
analogue
cellular systems
e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS
digital
cellular systems
e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
PDC, IS-95
analogue
satellite systems
e.g. INMARSAT
digital
satellite systems
e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,
Globalstar
1G
2G
Fig. 18 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 37)
Current
Mobile
Communication
Systems
Cellular Systems
First generation:
C450
NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone
TACS - Total Access Communications System
AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System
GSM
D-AMPS
PDC
IS-95
Start
1992
1991/92
1993/94
1995
Coverage
worldwide
especially
USA, Canada
Japan
especially USA,
Canada, Eastern
Asia
Frequency
ranges [MHz]
900 / 1800 /
1900 (America)
800 / 1900
900 / 1500
800 / 1700 (Korea) /
1900
Multiple
Access
TDMA / FDMA
TDMA / FDMA
TDMA / FDMA
CDMA
7.95
6.7
9.4 / 13
4.8
4.8
9.6 / 14.4
~ 55 million
~ 85 million
Speech [kbit/s] 13 / 5.6
Data (max.)
[kbit/s]
9.6
(n•14.4; n = 1...8)
Subscribers
(02/2001)
~ 410 million
~ 35 million +
75 million (AMPS)
Fig. 19 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 39)
Second generation:
Mobile Satellite Systems MSS
Supply to/ in case of:
- inaccessible, underpopulated areas
- poor infrastructure
- high seas
- catastrophe areas
- failure of other supplies
10,000
- 20,000 km
MEO
Medium
Earth Orbit
700
- 1,500 km
Earth
LEO
Low Earth
Orbit
approx.
36,000 km
GEO
GEostationary
Orbit
HEO
High Elliptic
Orbit
1G:
MARISAT (USA) since 1976
INMARSAT (International Maritime
Satellite Organisation):
• since 1979; > 80 member countries
• 4 GEO satellites;
• global access
2G:
• Iridium, ICO, Globalstar
• private MSS operator
• speech- & low data rate services
Fig. 20 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 41)
Subscriber trends:
1980 - 2000
1000
100
World
10
1
Single cell
systems
1G
Introduction
Year
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
0,01
1982
0,1
1980
Subscriber [M.]
Germany
2G
Introduction
Fig. 21 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 43)
Trends & Outlook
2500'
RoW
2000'
Asia / Pacific
Subscriber [M.]
North America
1500'
EU15
1000'
500'
0'
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
2015
UMTS Forum
Report #1
Fig. 22 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 45)
Mobile Trends
Trend:
Voice  Data
100
Voice
Data
Traffic [%]
80
Requirements:
• high data rates
• user-friendliness
• improved service offering
• cost reduction
• worldwide accessibility
60
40
GSM Phase 2+
20
• data rates > 100 kbit/s
0
1996
Source:
UMTS Forum
2001
2005
2007
• mobile computing, Internet
• new, integrating ME
• new flexible services + IN
• satellite roaming
• & much more
Year
Fig. 23 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 47)
Mobile communication
forecast (Europa)
300'
Mobile subscriber
(total)
Subscriber [M.]
250'
Mobile subscriber
all applications from
voice to Multimedia
200'
150'
Mobile subscriber
Speech only/
low data rates
100'
mobile Multi Media:
50'
0'
1995
Source: UMTS-Forum
• Start with GSM Ph2+
• Breakthrough:
2000
2005
2010
3G (UMTS)
Year
Fig. 24 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 49)
1G
2G
(analog)
(digital)
Paging Systems,
e.g. City Call
Paging Systems
e.g. ERMES
Cordless Telephone
e.g. CT1, 1+
Cordless Telephone
e.g. DECT, PACS, PHS
wireless
Telephone cell
Wireless
Local Loops
WLL
Private Mobile Radio
PMR
PMR
e.g. TETRA
Cellular systems
e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS
Cellular systems
e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
IS-95, PDC
MSS
e.g. INMARSAT
MSS
e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,
Globalstar
IMT-2000
3G
1 family of
standards
for all
• applications
• countries
e.g. UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136
different, incompatible standards for
different applications, countries & regions
Fig. 25 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 51)
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Zone 4: Global
Zone 3:
Suburban / Rural
Zone 2:
Urban
Macro
Cell
MSS
144 kbit/s
cellular
2010
2170
MSS
1885
cellular
2110
2025
1900
1950
2000
max.
data rate
2048 kbit/s
384 kbit/s
144 kbit/s
1980
1850
Micro
Cell
Zone 1:
Indoor
Pico
Cell
2050
2100
MSS
2200
2150
2200
2250
Frequency range [MHz]
Fig. 26 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 53)