• “We do not inherit the
earth from our parents,
we borrow it from our
children” –
Chief Seattle
• Energy use has changed
a great deal since
people relied solely on
the sun, their own
strong bodies or beasts
of burden as energy
resources.
Installed capacity (MW)-over the years
2,50,000
223344227357
2,00,000
199877
159398173626
1,50,000
1,12,058
1,00,000
66,000
50,000
1,700 4,600
28,000
13,000
0
Data Source: CEA Website
Installed capacity (MW)-RES 1985-2013 in
India
30,000
27542
24504
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
7,761
5,000
0
18
32
902 1,628
0
1985 1990 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2013
Data Source: CEA Website
GENERATING CAPACITY IN THE COUNTRY
(As on 31.08.2013 227357 MW)
Fuel wise Installed Capacity
(133188 MW)
Coal
58.6%
Gas
9.0%
(20381 MW)
Diesel
0.5%
(28184 MW)
Wind &
Other
12.4%
Data Source: CEA Website
(1200 MW)
Nuclear (4780 MW)
2.1%
Hydro (39623 MW)
17.4%
Per Capita Consumption of Electricity in India
Per capita consumption of electricity
18000
17179
16000
14000
--- KWHr------->
12000
13338
11126
10000
8000
6000
8076 7689
7030
6206
5642 5644
4000
1516
2000
0
------- Countries ------------->
631
214
BACKGROUND OF 5 MW PV PROJECT
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission aims to deploy
20000 MW of solar power by 2022
• Grid connected solar generation to ramp up to 1000 MW
by 2013 and to 4000 MW by 2017
• A&N Island heavily depends on Diesel based Power
Generation (63.2 MW out of 68.5 MW)
• A&N Govt plans to add 13 MW RE power including Solar
Schematic diagram
SOLAR CELLS
• A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an
electrical device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
• It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its
electrical characteristics—e.g. current, voltage, or
resistance—vary when light is incident upon it)
which, when exposed to light, can generate and
support an electric current.
TECHNICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR SOLAR FIELD
Technology
Maturity
Efficiency Applicability &
Availability in India
Mono-crystalline silicon Mature, First Generation
15-18%
High, proven, High
Poly-crystalline silicon
Mature, First Generation
13-16%
High, proven High
Thin Film
Scalable, Second Generation 8-11% High, emerging, Limited
Concentrated PV
Scalable, Second Generation 20-30%
Medium, expensive,
unproven, Limited
Thin Film (8-11%)
Polycrystalline
13 - 16%
'Hybrid‘ (17 – 19%)
Major types of PV cells
Mono-crystalline
15 - 18%
PERFORMANCE LOSSES IN PV
MODULES
• PV cells are sensitive to variance in ambient temp
and irradiance levels (for 310 C amb and 800
kwh/m2 irradiance level, module temp would be
around 460 C and around 10% loss in efficiency)
• Array mismatch loss due to variations in I-V
characteristics of modules during manufacturing
(could vary bet 1.3 to 1.9%)
• Cable loss, Inverter loss, Transformer loss etc.,
• Cell efficiency degradation (approx 1% per annum)
Photo Voltaic Module used in 5 MW Project at Andaman
Modules: 235 Wp Mono Crystalline Cell
Cells per Module: 60
No of Modules: 21312
No of Modules per Structure: 24
No of Structures: 888
No of Foundations per Structure: 5
Total No of Foundations: 4440
Solar PV Value Chain
Polysilicon
Ingot &Wafer
Solar PV Array
Solar cell
Solar PV module
SMA INVERTERS
•
•
•
•
•
Sunny Central 800 CP Model
Nominal AC output 800 kVA at @ 500 C
Continuous AC power @ 250 C 880 kVA
Nominal AC Voltage 360 V +/- 10%
Internal consumption in operation <1500 W
and in standby <100W
• Max efficiency 98.6%
• Operation temp range -200 to 500 C and RH
15% to 95%
SMA INVERTERS- GRID MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
• Remote controlled power reduction in case of
Grid overload
– Nominal power value transmitted to the Inverter
via a ripple control receiver in combination with
SMA Power reducer box
– Typical limit values are 100,60,30 or 0 % of
nominal power
• Freq dependent control of active power
– Grid freq > 50.2 Hz the inverter automatically
reduces the fed-in of active power as per the
definable characteristic curve
SMA INVERTERS- GRID MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
• Limited Dynamic Grid Support
– Continues to feed the Grid after short term
voltage drops, as long as voltage is within the
defined window
• Dynamic Grid Support
– LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
– Stays connected during voltage drops and
supports the Grid by feeding reactive power
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
• a technique that grid-tie inverters, solar battery chargers and
similar devices use to get the maximum possible power from solar
panels
• Solar cells have a complex relationship between solar irradiation,
temperature and total resistance that produces a non-linear output
efficiency which can be analyzed based on the I-V curve.
• It is the purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output of the
cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum
power for any given environmental conditions
• MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power
converter system that provides voltage or current conversion,
filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power
grids, batteries, or motors
• Photovoltaic cells have a complex relationship between their operating
environment and the maximum power they can produce. The fill factor,
abbreviated FF, is a parameter which characterizes the non-linear electrical
behaviour of the solar cell.
• Fill factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to
the product of Open Circuit Voltage Voc and Short-Circuit Current Isc.
• For any given set of operational conditions, cells have a single operating point
where the values of the current (I) and Voltage (V) of the cell result in a
maximum power output. These values correspond to a particular load
resistance, which is equal to V / I as specified by Ohm's Law. The power P is
given by P=V*I.
• A photovoltaic cell, for the majority of its useful curve, acts as a constant
current source.
• At a photovoltaic cell's MPP region, its curve has an approximately inverse
exponential relationship between current and voltage. This is known as the
maximum power point (MPP) and corresponds to the "knee" of the curve.
• A load with resistance R=V/I equal to the reciprocal of this value draws the
maximum power from the device. This is sometimes called the characteristic
resistance of the cell. This is a dynamic quantity which changes depending on
the level of illumination, as well as other factors such as temperature and the
age of the cell. If the resistance is lower or higher than this value, the power
drawn will be less than the maximum available, and thus the cell will not be
used as efficiently as it could be
• Maximum power point trackers utilize different types of control circuit or logic
to search for this point and thus to allow the converter circuit to extract the
maximum power available from a cell.
P V Modules Erection in
Progress
Operation & Maintenance (O&M)
• One Year O&M Contract included in EPC Contract at a Value of
Rs 45,00,000.
• Security during One Year O&M in the Scope of EPC Contractor.
• Insurance during O&M Phase – Fire & Allied Perils / Risks in
NTPC Scope, All others in EPC Contractors Scope
Manufacturing
Training
Demonstration
Maintenance of systems
R &D Activity
& designing
new systems
Employment
Opportunities in
Renewable energy sector
Implementation of
projects at field level
Marketing ,
Retail sales
Outlets/
Aditya shops
Consultancy
services viz.
surveys,
system design etc
Establishment of
Renewable Energy
Power Plants
The 19.9 MW Gemasolar solar plant in Spain features 15 hours of
storage and can supply power 24 hours a day
Gemasolar
The plant is a 140 m high solar power tower, using molten
salt as its heat transfer fluid and energy storage medium.
Gemasolar is the first commercial solar plant with central
tower receiver and molten salt heat storage technology. It
consists of a 185 ha solar field that has a 140-m high tower
receiver, a power island and 2650 heliostats, each 120 m2
and distributed in concentric rings around the tower.
The most innovative aspects of the plant, are its molten salt
receiver, its heliostats aiming system and its control
system. In addition, its storage system allows it to produce
electricity for 15 hours without sunlight (at night or on
cloudy days).
Gemasolar
This storage capacity makes its solar power
manageable so that it can be supplied based on
demand. The plant has already been able to supply a
full day of uninterrupted power supply to the grid, using
thermal transfer technology
Gemasolar, with its 19.9 MW of power, can supply 110
GWh per year — enough to supply power to 27,500
homes. The plant has been operational since May
2011
19 MW solar park in Germany
MICRO GRID- THE FUTURE GRID
• A microgrid is an electrical system that includes multiple
loads and distributed energy resources that can be
operated in parallel with the broader utility grid or as an
electrical island
• Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually
interconnected at low voltage
• Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells,
wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple
dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the
microgrid from a larger network would provide highly
reliable electric power
Source: Wikipedia
MICRO GRID- THE FUTURE GRID
• Micro-grids were proposed in the wake of the July 2012
India blackout:
– Some technology sources and USAID proposed that
another widespread outage could be prevented by
integrated network of microgrids and distributed
generation connected seamlessly with the main grid
via a superior smart grid technology which includes
automated fault detection, islanding and self-healing of
the network.
Source: Wikipedia
A local microgrid in Sendai, Japan
Source: Wikipedia
MICRO GRID- CHALLENGES
• For reasons of reliability, distributed generation
resources would be interconnected to the same
transmission grid as central stations
• Technical problems arise in the areas of power qauality,
voltage stability, harmonics, reliability, protection, and
control
• Behaviour of protective devices on the grid must be
examined for all combinations of distributed and central
station generation.
• A large scale deployment of distributed generation may
affect grid-wide functions such as frequency control and
allocation of reserves
Source: Wikipedia