Net Zero Energy
Housing Workshop
April 5, 2012
Carter Scott, President
Transformations, Inc. Townsend, MA
(978) 597-0542
www.transformations-inc.com
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and
International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© 2012 Transformations, Inc.
HERS Index Results…
• HERS Index of -4
The Farmhouse
(Built in Townsend, MA in 2008)
Applying what we learned in the “Zero Energy
Challenge” to production home building.
Cost Effective Insulation
• Cellulose in the attic floor, R 3.5 per inch (18”
for an R-63)
• Low Density Foam in the walls, R 3.9 per inch
(12” for a cavity insulation of R-46.8).
• Note, We now mainly use ThermoSeal 500,
R 3.8 per inch. It is a water based foam,
reducing blowing agent off-gassing concerns.
The Groton
Built in Townsend, MA in 2010
(a home with 12 months of utility
statements showing positive energy)
HERS Index and Energy Usage
• The Groton HERS Index came in at a 2
• The actual energy usage came in at -1574 kWh
per year.
• At @.20 cents per kWh, the yearly credit built
up was $315 or about $26 per month
$551.01 Credit Balance!
Only three months with
net electric energy usage
-1,574 net electric energy
usage for the year
Enough electric energy to
run a plug in Prius or
Nissan Leaf a majority of
the year!
Zero Energy Attainable Development
Easthampton, MA
Production building for a Developer
• 33 units total
• Savings of about 60% in the base houses
• Optional PV as a lease, a purchase or a hybrid
purchase.
“The Farmhouse II”
Model Home
Easthampton, MA
• 1818 square feet of living space
• 3 Bedrooms
• $120.46 psf including overhead and margin
($102.26 psf hard costs to build)
• HERS Index of 2
Million Btu/year (source energy)
Farmhouse Parametric Modeling
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
Heating
Cooling
Hot Water
Lighting
Other
Mitsubishi inside unit
Model #MSZ-FE12NA (One 12,000 BTU head downstairs
and one 12,000 BTU head upstairs)
Mitsubishi Outside Units
Two Model #MUZ-FE12NA condensers
Set up off the ground
Master Bathroom
Price Point
Innovations in bringing Zero Energy Homes
to the marketplace contribute to this price
point:
Utilizing the Federal PV cash incentives
and the new S-RECS
Lease PV systems
Cost effective HVAC systems
Solar Electric Installations
R. Carter Scott
Transformations, Inc.
www.transformations-inc.com
Solar Electric System
Farmhouse II Model
•
•
•
•
•
36 panels
210 watts per panel
3 strings of panels
Racking
Inverter
Solar Electric
Installation Options
• Short on capital?
– Lease with no money down
– Receive a 10% discount on the power produced.
• Have the capital?
– Buy the system
– Enjoy the incentives
– Become cash flow positive in about 6-7 years
Solar Electric Installations
7.56 kW Case Study---Costs
•
•
•
•
The typical cost per watt is $5.50
For the 7.56 kW system, the cost is $41,580
Micro-inverters add about 50 cents per watt.
High efficiency panels (SunPower ~18%
efficiency) add about $1 per watt.
Solar Electric Installations
7.56 kW Case Study---Incentives
• The Federal tax credit is 30%: $12,474 for a
$41,580 system.
• Massachusetts has a $1,000 tax credit per
system
• The Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (CEC)
has a $2,000 incentive (with MA component
adder).
• Plus S-RECS (see next slides)
Renewable Portfolio Standards
• Massachusetts has a Renewable Portfolio Standard
(RPS). It requires a growing percentage of the
electricity to be renewable (RPS Class 1).
• For 2011, the RPS is 6% of the electricity sold.
• The RPS is expected to go up 1% per year for several
years.
Solar Carve Out
• There is a carve out for solar electricity (RPS Class 1
Solar Carve Out).
• The solar carve out percentage of 5% of the
Renewable Energy Portfolio (RPS) standard.
• For 2011, the solar carve out is 5% of the 6%
Renewable Portfolio Standard requirement (.05
times .06 or .003).
Alternative Compliance Payment Rates
• If the utility does not have the solar carve out
percentage it either needs to pay the ACP rate for
2012 of $550 or…
• Purchase Solar Renewable Energy Credits.
S-RECs Cash Flow YR 1
• An S-REC is 1,000 kilowatt hours or a megawatt
• This 7.56 kW system will generate about 9,072 kilowatt
hours in the first year (9 SRECs).
• The utilities are currently paying about $20 less than the
penalty for the S-RECS and there is an aggregator fee of
about 7% ($530 *.93 = $493)
• 9 S-RECs times $493 = $4,437 in year 1.
Solar Electric Installations
S-REC Cash Flow YR 2-10
• The system will likely lose about 1% efficiency per year in
overall production.
• The ACP rate will decrease in value over the course of
the rest of the S-REC life (years 2-10).
• With a averaged efficiency loss of about 5% and an
averaged S-REC value reduction of about 20% (the chart
DOER chart has an average reduction of 16%) year 2-10
should average about $3,328 per year or $29,952 in
years 2-10.
• Total S-REC income of about $34,389 over 10 years!!!
Year
ACP Rate per MWh
2012
$550
2013
$550
2014
$523
2015
$496
2016
$472
2017
$448
2018
$426
2019
$404
2020
$384
2021
$365
2022
$347
Solar Electric Installations
Electrical output of the system
• The 7.56 kW system will generate about
9,072 kilowatt hours in the first year, and
average about 8,618 per year for the first 10
years
• At $.17 per kilowatt hour, that is $1465 per
year or 14,650 over a ten year period.
Solar Electric Installations
Total Revenue over 10 years
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Federal tax credit: $12,474
Massachusetts tax credit: $1,000
The Massachusetts CEC: $2,000
S-RECs: $34,389
Electricity: $14,650
Total Revenue: $64,513
Solar Electric Installations
Total Revenue over 10 years
•
•
•
•
Total Revenue: $64,513
Total Cost: $41,580 ($5.50 per watt)
10 year return: $22,933
20 more years of electricity and regular
RECs free and clear!
Beyond Zero Energy Homes…
Net Positive Homes
Carbon Reduction
Transportation Sector
• With a Positive Energy Home, we can reduce
our share of the 40% of the carbon that is
associated in the United States with the
transportation sector.
Option 1:
Produce more renewable energy
• With higher efficiency panels (18% instead of
14%), more power can be generated on the
roof.
• Our 7.56 kW example can yield 10.08 kW with
SunPower panels.
• This is 33% additional power
• 2.52 kW for our home
A Custom Home in Princeton, MA with a 14.4 kW PV system
HERS Index of -9
Princeton home
• Energy Positive performance…
51 - 64 panels online
1400
1200
1000
kW
800
600
400
64 panels online
1600
200
0
Total Usage
Sep'11
Oct'11
Month
Nov'11
PV Generation
Dec'11
Jan'12
Option 2:
Conserve more energy
• Higher efficiency windows
• Thicker walls
• Passive House techniques
A Custom Home is Stow MA
15 ½ thick walls, Air infiltration of.50 ACH @50 pascals
A Custom Home is Maynard, MA
Large overhangs protect the home from summer solar heat gain.
Framing
The colored Insulated slab is protected during construction.
HERS Index of -8
52
PV Powered Automobile
Charging stations on the Street
Some of the vehicles in the pipeline
for 2010-12
Nissan
Chevrolet
Mitsubishi
Ford
Tesla
Smart
54
Plug-In Vehicles Enter Markets in Late 2010 - What is the
Near-Term Achievable Market Penetration?
Market penetration
500,000
450,000
number of units
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
PHEV
2009
150
2010
250
2011
25,000
2012
167,100
2013
196,700
2014
238,000
2015
316,000
BEV
500
5,800
31,580
73,967
97,500
126,500
181,800
•Market penetration grows as vehicle production numbers increase, new
models are introduced, and economies of scale drive down prices. (source:
Southern California Edison) & Obama goal of 1 million Ev’s by 2020
55
Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Electric vehicles and the environment
Annual tons of CO2 emitted
Based on ISO New England generation profile
12
11.2
10
8
8.8
7.9
6.8
6
Annual tons of CO2
emitted
4
4
1.5
2
0
Small
Sedan
56
Medium
Sedan
Large
Sedan
SUV
Hybrid
All Electric
Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Resources…
• The Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (CEC) website:
www.masscec.com
• The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources
website: www.mass.gov/doer
• The DSIRE website has lists of utility sponsored
financial incentive programs, Mass CEC rebates, and all
state and federal energy efficiency tax credits:
http:/dsire.org/
• The Transformations, Inc. website:
www.transformations-inc.com
Net Zero Energy Housing Workshop
Questions?
Carter Scott, President, Transformations, Inc.
carter@transformations-inc.com
Zero Energy Homes
Solar Electric Installations
58