Estimados Expositores del II Seminario de Electricidad
Consequences of increasing penetration of distributed generation on
transmission and distribution grids
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Structure
1. Distributed Generation sources






Wind
Photovoltaik
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
CHP
2. Consequences for transmission and distribution grids
 Balance Power
 Transmission Grids
 Distribution Grids
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
2
Amount
Wind
Histogramm of the nominal power of
Onshore Wind Power Plants installed in Germany in 2010:
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
Onshore
Offshore
1
2
3
4
Nominal Power [MW]
5
>6
Fact Sheet:
• Stand-alone-devices:
• Are usually connected to MV or HV
• Parks:
• Small parks are usually connected to MV or HV, while large
parks are connected to HV or the transmission system
Fact Sheet:
• Offshore parks are usually connected to the transmission system
• Submarine Cable (AC or DC) is necessary between offshore park
(Ppark usually more than 100 MW) and connection point
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
3
Types of Distributed Generation
Fact Sheet:
• PV plants with nominal power < ~300 kW are connected to LV
• PV plants with nominal power between ~300 kW and ~15 MW are
connected to MV
• PV plants with nominal power > ~15 MW are connected to HV
Photovoltaik
Histogramm of the nominal power of
Photovoltaik plants installed in Germany in 2010:
Amount [thd.]
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
20
30
Nominal power [kW]
40
>50
4
Types of Distributed Generation
River
Hydro
Pumpstorage
Marine
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Fact Sheet:
• Often large power plants connected to the
transmission system
• Also smaller distributed generators available which
are connected to LV, MV or HV
Fact Sheet:
• Often large power plants connected to the
transmission system
• Also smaller distributed generators available, usually
connected to HV
Fact Sheet:
• Different types:
• Tidal power
• Marine current power
• Wave power
• …
• All are still prototypes
5
Types of Distributed Generation
Fact Sheet:
• Fuel types: Firewood, Pellets, Bio oil, Bio gas, Bio ethanol
• Can also provide thermal power (CHP)
• Can be used as base load
Biomass
Amount
Histogramm of the nominal power of
Photovoltaik plants installed in Germany in 2010:
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
200
300
Nominal Power [kW]
400
>500
6
Types of Distributed Generation
Geothermal
CHP
Fact Sheet:
• Exploitation of high water temperatures under ground (>100°C)
• Nominal power usually up to 10 MW
• Can be used to provide thermal power (CHP)
Fact Sheet:
• Typical devices:
• Stirling motor
• Microgasturbine
• Piston engine
• BHKW
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
7
Main sources of distributed generation
Fluctuating
Controllable
Biomass
Photovoltaik
Pumpstorage
Marine
Hydro
River
Geothermal
Wind
Onshore
Offshore
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
CHP
8
Structure
1. Distributed Generation sources






Wind
Photovoltaik
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
CHP
2. Consequences for transmission and distribution grids
 Balance Power
 Transmission Grids
 Distribution Grids
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
9
Goal in
Germany: 80%
Szenario
2040+
600
renewable Generation until 2050
600
500
500
300
Balance power between
+35 GW and -24 GW by:
- Peak load power plants
- Storages
- Import of renewable Energy
- Demand Side Management
jährl. Stromerzeugung [TWh]
400
200
100
Electricity
demand
EE-Import
400
Photovoltaik
Wind offshore
300
Wind onshore
Geothermie
200
Biomasse
Wasser
100
Severe transmission
network reinforcement
Last
0
0
Ist-Werte Ref, KKW
EE
BMU
Ref, KKW
Reinforcement and operation
2007 of distribution
2020 networks:
- Smart Market
- Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
EE
2030
BMU
Ist-Werte
Ref, KKW
BMU
2007
2040+
EE
BMU
Ref, KKW
Source: own Studies +
BMU: DLR "BMU Leitszenario 2009"
2020
2
Goal in
Germany: 80%
Szenario
2040+
renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between
+35 GW and -24 GW by:
- Peak load power plants
- Storages
- Import of renewable Energy
- Demand Side Management
Severe transmission
network reinforcement
Reinforcement and operation
of distribution networks:
- Smart Market
- Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Pump storage in Germany today:
7,5 GW,
45 GWh
Demand 2040+: 35 GW
=> 1.750 GWh
Future scenarios with large amount of renewable energies require
flexible loads (storage capability)
Balanced via European Electricity Market
and Transmission Network
Load or Consumption
LastCenters
in bzw.
highly
Lastbzw.
verbrauchsgeprägte
Populated
Areas
verbrauchsgeprägte
städtische Gebiete
städtische Gebiete
Renewable Energy
Ressources primarily
in Rural Areas
Erneuerbare
Erneuerbare
Energien geprägte
Energien geprägte
ländliche Gebiete
ländliche Gebiete
Source: TU Dortmund + ABB
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Goal in
Germany: 80%
Szenario
2040+
01
renewable Generation until 2050
04
1
01 (SH)
4
2
1
4
4
2
02 (NI)
02
Balance power between
+35 GW and -24 GW by:
- Peak load power plants
- Storages
- Import of renewable Energy
- Demand Side Management
21
2
08 (NI)
06 (HB/NI)
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
07 (BR)
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
Transmission network reinforcement (2040+)
2
1
2
3
12 (ST)
2
13 (BE/BR)
2
4
17 (NI)
2
1
2
15 (NW)
18 (ST)
2
 at least 3000 km lines (380 kV + maybe HVDC)
2
14 (NW)
6
2
2
2
1
7
19 (BR/SN)
1
6
16 (HE)
2
2
3
1
1
8
20 (NW)
2
2
22 (TH)
21 (HE)
4
4
2 2
4
 costs min 6 - 8 bil Euro 2040+
2
2
4
2
1
23 (SN)
2
Load centers
 corresponds to approx.
0,25 - 0,35 ct / kWh
additional wind generation
6
Severe transmission
network reinforcement
2
2
10 (NI)
2
09 (NI)
2
2
11 (NI)
02
1 1
05 (MV)
2
Future offshore
wind parks
03 (HH/SH)
2
1
4
04 (MV)
25 (HE/RP)
24 (RP/SL)
4
2
1
2
1
3
27 (BW/HE/RP)
1
5
6
2
26 (BY)
5
28 (BW)
2
Reinforcement and operation
of distribution networks:
- Smart Market
Verteilnetzausbau
und -betrieb
- Smart Grid
5
29 (BW)
5
5
30 (BW/BY)
4
31 (BY)
6
Leiter innerhalb Deutschlands (Grundzustand)
Leiter in Nachbarländer (Grundzustand)
Zubauten für 2020
Zubauten für 2030
Zubauten für 2040
2
Anzahl paralleler Systeme
Source: TU Dortmund
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Vision: WAMS & WACS
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
Dynamic
State Model
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
Stability
Information
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Network Control
& System Protection
14
Goal in
Germany: 80%
Szenario
2040+
renewable Generation until 2050
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
...
...
...
...
Reinforcement and operation
of distribution networks:
- Smart Market
- Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
-
x
-
x
-
Severe transmission
network reinforcement
-
...
-
Increasing
share of DG
-
Balance power between
+35 GW and -24 GW by:
- Peak load power plants
- Storages
- Import of renewable Energy
- Demand Side Management
New loads and
load management
Source: TU Dortmund + RWE + Mennekes
Distribution grids reach limits of capacity and voltage due to renewable
generation and new controllable load applications
DG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
...
...
...
Voltage / V
Increasing share
of DG
...
New loads and
load management
new Loads
...
-
Source: TU Dortmund
RWE Deutschland AG
-
x
-
x
-
-
-
Time / h
Implementation of
innovative devices, grid and
operation/control concepts
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Demand of network reinforcement results from Smart Grid und Smart
Market requirements
Smart Grid
Grid / System
Operation
Asset
Management
(Investment)
Smart Market
 The design of future grids must jointly consider Operation,
Asset Management und Planning according to the
requirements of Smart Grids und Smart Markets.
 Demand of network reinforcement and the corresponding
regulatory consequences must be investigated for the future
based on these boundary conditions.
Grid planning
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Smart Grid

Coordinated use of voltage control and reactive
power management

direct voltage control
indirect voltage control
STATCOM,
Storage
Tap Changer
HS/MS
Q-Management
MS-AVC
Tap Changer
Trafo + AVC
NS-AVC
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
...
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
x
...
x
MS/NS
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
SVC
STATCOM,
Storage
Q-Management
Aggregator bundels loads/gen. and provides
system services or market products
Smart Market
E-Energy Market Place
Grid Operator
System Services
Network Restrictions
Aggregator
Demand Response
Demand Side Mgmt
Supply Side Mgmt.
Electricity Market
Energy Supplier
Energy Trader
HS/MS
HV/MV
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
...
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
x
x
MS/NS
MV/LV
-
-
- -... - - - -
...
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Prosumer (active custromer)
Daten
Data
MicroCHP
- - - - -
-
-
-
Electricity
Gas
-
Gas
Strom
Goal in
Germany: 80%
Szenario
2040+
renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between
+35 GW and -24 GW by:
- Peak load power plants
- Storages
- Import of renewable Energy
- Demand Side Management
Severe transmission
network reinforcement
Reinforcement and operation
of distribution networks:
- Smart Market
Verteilnetzausbau
und -betrieb
- Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
 Integration of Distributed Generation
requires modifications to the power
system
 Integrated consideration of measures in
all fields of power system operation and
planning is necessary
 Investigations are required to determine
the optimum share between network
reinforcement or other Smart Grid and
Smart Market measures
Thank you for your attention!
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
21