As European History –
Course Outline
AS Unit One Option E: The
Expansion and challenge of
Nationalism.
 Introduction to the course
 What is unity?
What is nationalism?
 How did Italy unify?
How did Germany unify?
Review of course & exam
preparation
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Dear Santa, Can I have….
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What does it mean to be united?
Objectives
 To investigate the
concept of unity
To agree definition of
unity
To share and give
reasoned arguments
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To what extent is this
school united?
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What makes a nation?
In pairs –
List 5 things we would mention when describing
Britain to other people
List 5 things that makes Britain different to other
countries
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What is Nationalism?
Objectives
 To agree a definition
of Nationalism
To research present
and past examples of
Nationalism
To give short
presentation on
findings
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The Unification of Italy
Topic Outline
 Italy Pre 1848
Areas of Debate
The impact of the 1848 Revolutions
What were the
obstacles to
unification & how
were they overcome
The role of Piedmont & Cavour 184861
The role of Louis-Napoleon
The role of Garibaldi
Unification completed & the role of
foreign intervention
Italy post 1870
Review of topic
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Why did Italy unite
in 1870 & not 1848?
Did Italy unite
herself?
Importance of the
role of individuals
The Unification of Italy
Italy Pre 1848
Topic Outline
 What was the make up of
Italy in 1815
What were the main
obstacles to unification
Why did the Revolutions of
1820 & 30 fail
Where did the growth of
opposition come from
What was the influence of
Mazzini before 1848 (Ideas)
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Assessment
‘Mazzini was only a dreamer and
propagandist. He failed to
contribute anything of
substance to the Risorgimento’
How far do you agree with this
judgment?
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What were the obstacles to unification?
Objectives
 To understand the make up of
the geographical area of ‘Italy’
To investigate obstacles to
unification
 To evaluate the found
obstacles
 To come to a judgement on
the possible way forward for
‘Italy’
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Brief overview of the topic
Before next lesson draw a timeline
from 1815-70
Mark on the date each state unites
with another one
Do this on A3 and we will add more
key events as we go through the
topic
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What were the obstacles to unification?
What political groups were there in Italy?
What aims do they have?
Is this an obstacle to progress?
Did the Secret Societies promote Unification?
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Why did the Revolutions of 1820 & 1830
fail?
Objectives
 To investigate reasons for the
failure of the early revolutions
To look for similarities and
differences in the failures
To come to a judgement on
the possible way forward for
‘Italy’
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Complete this single bubble
Why did the
1820 & 1830
Revolutions
fail?
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Complete this single bubble
What
obstacles
have we
found to
unifying
Italy so far
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Baseline Assessment
To what extent was Austria the biggest obstacle to
unification in 1815?
Structure
1)Introduction
Introduce the debate in the question, include one specific example
2) Explain why Austria was such a big obstacle
3) Explain what other obstacles there were
4) Conclusion – make sure you answer the question
Word limit 500
Complete a pre-submission sheet
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Which way forward – The Risorgimento
Objectives
 To recap on the reasons for
the failure of the early
Revolutions
To investigate options for Italy
to move forward
To start to see the role of the
papacy in Italian affairs.
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Vincenzo Gioberti
Essay Writing
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What was the contribution made by
Mazzini pre 1848? (Ideas)
Objectives
 To understand the role played
by Mazzini pre 1848
To evaluate the role played by
Mazzini in order to come to a
judgement’
Mazzini
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What was the contribution made by
Mazzini pre 1848? (Ideas)
‘Mazzini was only a dreamer and propagandist. He failed to contribute
anything of substance to the Risorgimento’
How far do you agree with this judgment?
In your groups find evidence to plan your essay, you need three pieces of
evidence for each side of the debate.
Evidence ‘failed to contribute anything of Evidence contributed some thing of
substance’
substance
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



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What is the exam question?
1) From 1789 to 1815 Italy was governed by Napoleon until he
was finally defeated and exiled to St Helena. During his reign
he separated Italy into first four states thin in 1810 he made
Italy into three states. After Napoleon’s defeat the Congress
of Vienna met to discuss who would now govern Italy which
would be Austria.
2) The Risorgimento, despite the failures of the revolutions of
1820 and 1830, was what the Italians believed led to the
formation of a united Italy. They thought of unification as
the final stage of their gradual evolution as a nation.
3) Giuseppe Mazzini was born in 1805 in Genoa in Italy. In
1815, French rule in Italy ended and was replaced by that of
Austria. Austria had a much stronger empire compared to
the separate Italian states and this became an important
factor in later years when several attempts to revolt against
Austria by separate Italian states failed.
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‘Mazzini was only a dreamer and
propagandist. He failed to contribute
anything of substance to the
Risorgimento’
How far do you agree with this
judgment?
Which way forward? We need a plan!
What advice would you give Italian nationalists in
1845 to help them gain a unified Italy?
Come up with a prioritized three point action plan



Quick Review
List the obstacles to Italian
Unification
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The Unification of Italy
The Impact of the 1848 Revolutions
Topic Outline
 Why were Italian
nationalists optimistic in
1848
The importance of the
Rome Republic
 Why did the revolutions
fail?
Which way forward now?
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Assessment
‘The failures of the 1848-9
revolutions in Italy were the
result of political and social
conflict amongst the
revolutionaries themselves
rather than international
hostility’
Assess the validity of this view
Why were Italian Nationalists
optimistic in 1848?
Objectives
 To investigate reasons for
optimism in 1848
 To find examples of forward
looking from Piedmont and the
Pope
To place the Revolutions into
the back drop of economic
hardship
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Read chapter on Why did Italian Nationalists
consider…
Answer qu 1
Read information on What role was played by..
Answer qu 1and 2
Plenary Why did 1848 look promising to
Nationalists? (50 words)
Where and with what aim were
there revolts in Italy in 1848?
Objectives
 To investigate which states
rose in revolt in 1848
 To investigate aims of these
revolts
To look for ‘common cause’ in
the revolts
 To compare with 1820/30
Revolts
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Where and with what aim were
there revolts in Italy in 1848?
Where
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Aim
In
common
with
Failed?
(leave for
now)
What was the importance of the
Rome Republic?
Objectives
 To investigate the workings of
the Rome Republic
 To add to the role of Mazzini
To reflect on obstacles the
Rome republic has started to
remove
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The Rome Republic?
 Why was Rome important to
Nationalists?
 What type of Rome and Italy did
Mazzini want?
 Why did the Rome Republic fail?
This signals the end of Mazzini’s role in
Italian Unification – Does it make his role
more important?
What reasons can you find for why the
Rome Republic becomes ‘mythical’?
What was the importance of the
Rome Republic?
As a table decide –
Did the actions surrounding the Rome Republic mean that
unification was closer or further away
Prepare to feedback to the class
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Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail?
Objectives
 To investigate the reasons for
failure of the 1848 Revolutions,
To understand the progress
made in removing the obstacles
to unification
 To predict the next move
necessary for unification
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Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail?
As a table use the information you have been given to list all
possible reasons for the failure of the 1848 Revolutions in
Italy
Now prioritise your list
Now organise your reasons under two headings ‘Internal
Factors’ and ‘External Factors’
Now answer in less than 50 words –Why did the revolutions
fail in 1848?
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Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail?
How was Austria able to re-establish their control over Italy?
Read through the information, find three factors supported
by specific examples.
You have 10 minutes!
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‘Mazzini was only a dreamer and propagandist. He failed to
contribute anything of substance to the Risorgimento’
How far do you agree with this judgment?
In pairs, look at the two essays you have been given
Using the mark scheme
Give each essay a level and explain why
Give each essay a mark and explain why
Grade boundaries –
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Mark Grade
24+
A
21
B
18
C
15
D
10
E
1-9
U
Now compare these
essays with your own
Are they different?
Are they better?
Set your self two
targets using the mark
scheme that will help
you gain the next
grade up next time
1848 Revolutions- A Review?
Objectives
 To review the failures of 1848
To review the obstacles to
unification
 To prepare assessment
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Assessment
‘The failures of the 1848-9
revolutions in Italy were the
result of political and social
conflict amongst the
revolutionaries themselves
rather than international
hostility’
Assess the validity of this view
Compare and contrast the failures in 1820/30 and
the failures in 1848
Failure in
1820/30
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Failure
in 1848
Root Causes
Multi-Flow Map!
Causes
Major Event
The Failure of
the 1848
Revolutions
Cause and Effect: The major function is to show causes- which
can be sorted by root , immediate, proximal or long term
causes- and their effects in relation to a major event; can be
indefinitely expanded to include multiple cases.
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Effect
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1848 Revolutions
Assessment
‘The failures of the 1848-9 revolutions in Italy were the result of
political and social conflict amongst the revolutionaries themselves
rather than international hostility’
Assess the validity of this view
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1848 Revolutions
Assessment
‘The failures of the 1848-9 revolutions in Italy were the result of
political and social conflict amongst the revolutionaries themselves
rather than international hostility’
Assess the validity of this view
Feature of a focused essay
Highlight Key words in the question
Key words appear in every paragraph
Each paragraph has a clear signpost linking it explicitly
to the question
Introduction has one specific example
Conclusion starts with In conclusion
Conclusion has clear judgement related to specific
focus see below, e.g. I agree/disagree…
To large/small extent…
Used the exact words in the question
The question has not been changed in anyway
Essay has been read through and checked for
 Accuracy
 Spelling
 Grammar
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Done
1848 Revolutions- A Review?
Reflecting on the 1848 revolutions
What three pieces of advice would you give Italian
nationalists to help them take the next step towards a unified
Italy?



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The Unification of Italy
The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
Topic Outline
 Why did Piedmont get
involved in the Crimea?
How successful was the
War of 1859?
Review the role of Cavour
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Assessment
‘Cavour should be regarded as
the architect of Italian
Unification’ How far do you
agree with this judgement?
Why did Italian Nationalists look to
Piedmont?
Objectives
 To understand reasons why
Piedmont became the focus for
unification at this point
To begin to find evidence of
the role of Cavour’s diplomacy
To understand how Piedmont
manoeuvred themselves into a
position to take on Austria
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Cavour
The Unification of Italy
The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
If you wanted to have a fight with someone!
What factors would you want to choose or be
able to manipulate to give yourself the best
chance of winning a fight before it starts?
As a table come up with three
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The Unification of Italy
The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
Why did Piedmont get involved in the Crimean War?
What was the aim behind Cavour’s involvement in the War?
Answer question 2
Cavour was successful in this aim. Do you agree?
find evidence for and against
In pairs decide if you agree?
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The Unification of Italy
The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
How was Piedmont able to launch a war against Austria?
What factors can you find that mean Piedmont thinks it may be
more successful this time
How much of this is down to the work of Cavour?
Reflect - In what ways
would a war against Austria
bring unification closer?
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How did the War of 1859 bring
unification closer?
Objectives
 To investigate the gains made
in the 1859 war
To judge these gains against
the move to unification
 To evaluate the ongoing
obstacles to unification
Piedmonts' Soldiers
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How did the War of 1859 bring
unification closer?
Evaluate the level of effort of Piedmont in the war
What does this tell us about the nationalist cause in Italy at
the time?
Evaluate the level of success in the war
Examples of success
Examples of failure
Answer question at the top of the slide
Complete prep sheet for next lesson
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Italy in 1859
Lombardy &
Venetia
Piedmont
-Sardinia
The Papal
States
Parma
Modena
Tuscany
Kingdom of
Naples and
Sicily
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Italy in 1860
Kingdom
of
Northern
Italy
Venetia, still
Austrian
The Papal
States
Kingdom of
Naples and
Sicily
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War with Austria 1859
Root Causes
Causes
Major Event
The1859
War
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Effect
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Essays
Which should be longest?
 Introduction
 Paragraph in main section
 Conclusion
If your introduction or conclusion is longer than
your main paragraph, what does that tell you about
the level of detail in your answer?
Was Cavour the champion of
Unification? (Diplomacy)
Objectives
 To understand the role played
by Cavour in the unification of
Italy
To evaluate the importance of
Cavour’s contribution
 To answer the above question
Cavour
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How important was Victor Emmanuel?
Research the role of Victor Emmanuel in uniting
Italy.
Find five specific examples of him contributing
Prepare a short but clear presentation that explains
his role, with a hand out.
Compares his importance with Cavour and Mazzini
and Louis Napoleon
Comes to a clear judgement on his importance
Cavour can be seen as important as he
engineered the successful war against
Austria in 1859
But how else did he contribute to
Unification?
Prioritise this list of Cavour’s achievements
1. Creation of the Kingdom of North Italy
2. Defeating Austria in the 1859 War
3. Gaining a seat at the Peace of Paris
4. The Pact of Plombieres
5. Founding the Bank of Turin
6. Engineering plebiscites in the Central Duchies
7. Joining the Crimean War
The Role of Victor Emmanuel
Complete the following sentence
Italy could not unite itself because……..
Complete the following sentence
Louis-Napoleon was vital to unification because……
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Who is more important?
The man who calls the
firemen
Or
The firemen who put
out the fire
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The Unification of Italy
The role of Louis-Napoleon
Topic Outline
 Why did France intervene
in Italy?
 How did France aid the
unification of Italy?
 How did France hinder the
unification of Italy?
Review the role played by
Louis-Napoleon in the
unification of Italy?
How united was Italy in
1861?
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Assessment
‘Louis-Napoleon was vital to
unification’ How far do you
agree with this judgement?
How vital was the role played by LouisNapoleon in the unification of Italy?
(Force)
Objectives
 To understand why LouisNapoleon got involved in the
unification of Italy
 To understand the ways
Louis-Napoleon aided
unification in 1859
Prepare a Single Bubble for each objective
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Did Louis-Napoleon help or hinder the
unification of Italy? (Force)
Objectives
 To investigate the ways LouisNapoleon hindered unification
 To come to a conclusion on
the role of Louis-Napoleon in
the unification of Italy
Prepare a Single Bubble for ways Louis
Napoleon hindered Unification
Co-construct a 100 word conclusion
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Did Louis-Napoleon help or hinder the
unification of Italy? (Force)
Objectives
 To investigate the ways LouisNapoleon hindered unification
 To come to a conclusion on
the role of Louis-Napoleon in
the unification of Italy
To compare the importance of
Cavour and Louis-Napoleon in
1859
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Louis-Napoleon
Italy in
1860
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Using your notes fill in the blank map –
How united is Italy in 1861?
How far was Italy united by 1861?
Objectives
 To understand the progress
made towards unification
To review the obstacles still
outstanding
 To suggest the next step
Italian flag
1861-1945
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Root Causes
Multi-Flow Map!
Causes
Major Event
The 1859 war
with Austria
Cause and Effect: The major function is to show causes- which
can be sorted by root , immediate, proximal or long term
causes- and their effects in relation to a major event; can be
indefinitely expanded to include multiple cases.
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Effect
What other questions do I have?
What else do I need to know to explain this painting
What do I know already that helps explain this painting?
What can I learn from this painting?
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The Unification of Italy
The role of Garibaldi
Topic Outline
 Garibaldi – the early years
 Garibaldi’s role in the
Rome Republic
 Garibaldi & The Thousand
 Attempts on Rome
Review the role of
Garibaldi
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Assessment
‘An effective leader of the Italian
Unification’ or ‘a reckless man
of action’
Which is the more valid
judgement on Garibaldi’s role in
the diplomatic and political
developments in Italy in the
years 1848 to 187o?
How vital was the role played by
Garibaldi in the unification of Italy?
(Romantic hero)
Objectives
 To gain an understanding of
the character of Garibaldi
To investigate his contribution
pre 1860 (Romantic hero)
To investigate his contribution
post 1860 (unites the south)
 To answer the above question
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How vital was the role played by
Garibaldi in the unification of Italy?
(Romantic hero)
Objectives
 To prepare short presentation
To prepare short hand out
To make a judgement on the
role of Garibaldi
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How vital was the role played by
Garibaldi in the unification of Italy?
(Romantic hero)
Objectives
 To give presentations
To come to a judgement on
the role of Garibaldi
To plan assessment
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Assessment
‘An effective leader of the Italian
Unification’ or ‘a reckless man
of action’
Which is the more valid
judgement on Garibaldi’s role in
the diplomatic and political
developments in Italy in the
years 1848 to 187o?
Based on the presentations
What was Garibaldi’s contribution to the Unification of Italy?
List five clear examples
Who played the most vital role ?Cavour
(the north) or Garibaldi (the south)
Objectives
 To compare the roles played
by Cavour & Garibaldi
To evaluate these roles
To come to a judgement on
the above question
V
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Assessment
How far do you agree with
the judgement that it was
Cavour’s diplomacy rather
than Garibaldi’s ideas and
actions which made the
greater contribution to
Italian Unification
Double Bubble! To look for similarities and
differences
Hun
gry
Garibaldi
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Cavour
So who was more important?
Cavour or Garibaldi?
Prioritise
Cavour
Garibaldi
Mazzini
Victor Emmanuel
Louis Napoleon
The Unification of Italy
The Unification completed & the role of
foreign intervention
Topic Outline
 The role of Prussia
 Unification completed
The role of other powers, eg
Britain
 Review of foreign
intervention
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Assessment
‘Foreign intervention hindered
rather than helped the cause of
Italian unification in the years
1848 to 1870’
How far do you agree with this
judgement?
Unification completed
Role of Prussia
Objectives
 To understand what is left to
unite (Venetia & Papal States)
To understand the role of
Prussia
To review the removal of
France as an ‘obstacle’
The Vatican
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How was Venetia united with the Kingdom of
Italy?
Read the information, answer the question with 5 bullet points





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How was Venetia united with the Kingdom of
Italy?
Turn your 5 bullet points into one

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How was Rome united with the Kingdom of
Italy?
Read the information, answer the question with 5 sentences
Now turn the 5 sentences into 5 words
Now turn your 5 words into 1 word
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Unification completed
The role of the Great Powers
Objectives
 To review the roles played in
unification by France, Austria &
Prussia
To investigate the roles played
by Britain & Russia
To plan and answer
assessment
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‘Foreign intervention
hindered rather than
helped the cause of Italian
unification in the years
1848 to 1870’
How far do you agree with
this judgement?
Unification completed
The role of the Great Powers
Read through the information
Answer
Question 1
Question 2
Rank the four countries by contribution
Explain how foreign intervention hindered unification
Five Examples
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


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Review
Who united Italy?
Objectives
 To review the roles
played by different people
in the unification of Italy
To come to a judgement
on the relative importance
of these roles
To agree this as a class
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Review
Who united Italy?
As a table list all possible factors in the Unification of Italy
You have 7 minutes
Categorise your list under four headings
(You can not have more or less)
Using your Categories in pairs complete Brace Map
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Feed into the
Vital Factors
Brace Map
The Unification of
Italy
The Unification
of Italy
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Vital Factors
The Unification of Italy
Italy Post 1870
Topic Outline
 To investigate the Idea that
Italy was just expanded
Piedmont
Divisions within Italy
To evaluate the extent at
which Italy is united in 1871
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Assessment
To what extent were the
weaknesses of Italy in 1871 the
result of economic and cultural
divisions rather than opposition
to Piedmont’s dominant
position?
Review
How United was Italy in 1870?
Objectives
 To investigate the
level of unity in 1870
 To find examples
for and against the
argument Italy was
unified
 To come to a
judgement on the
level of unity
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Review
Who
Objectives
 To experience exam
times
To complete answer
in time allowed
To evaluate
experience
united Italy?
You have forty minutes
– chose wisely
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Review - Revision
How United was Italy in 1870?
To review all areas
of debate
 Complete timed
past exam questions
Areas of Debate
What were the obstacles to
unification & how were they
overcome
Why did Italy unite in 1870 &
not 1848?
Did Italy unite herself?
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Importance of individuals
Review
Who stays – You Decide
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