Germany and Versailles
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War guilt
Reparations had to be paid by Germany to France and Britain. Exact figure agreed in 1921 when set
at 6600 million pounds. Terms of the payment later changed under the Young Plan in 1929,
Germany would not have finished paying until 1984.
German territories lost in Europe and overseas:
Togo and Cameroon were run by Britain and France
German South West Africa to South Africa
New Guinea to Australia
Samoa to New Zealand
The Marshall, Mariana and Caroline Islands to Japan
German East Africa to Britain
In Europe the treaty addressed The Baltic States, West Prussia and Upper Silesia, East Prussia,
Danzig, Saarland, Alsace and Lorraine, Rhineland
German armed forces limited:
Army limited to 100,000
Conscription banned
No aircraft, armoured vehicles, submarines
Only six battleships
The League of Nations established but no German membership.
The other peace settlements
Treaty of St Germain 1919
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Dealt with Austria
Separated Austria from Hungary
Austrian territories were divided as follows:
Bohemia and Moravia from Austria to new state of Czechoslovakia.
Bosina and Herzegovina, Croatia from Austria to the new state of Yugoslavia (which included the
former kingdom of Serbia)
Austria also lost Galicia to Poland and some land to Italy.
Its army was restricted to 30,000.
It was forbidden to ever unite with Germany.
The Austrian Empire had collapsed by 1918 and many new states had already been set up. This
treaty was really about sorting out a chaotic jumble of territories into new states rather than
punishing Austria.
One state not entirely happy was Italy, who felt it should receive more land.
On the other hand many millions of people in Eastern Europe were given self determination and
freedom to rule themselves.
Austria suffered severe economic problems after the war as much of its industry had gone to
Czechoslovakia. Markets which traded freely as part of the empire also found trade harder to
conduct.
Treaty of Neuilly 1919
• Dealt with Bulgaria
• Bulgaria did well compared with Germany, Austria and
Hungary.
• It lost lands to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia and its
access to the Mediterranean sea.
• It had to limit its armed forces to 20,000 and pay 100
million pounds in reparations.
• Bulgaria played a relatively small part in he war and
was treated less harshly than its allies.
• Nevertheless, many Bulgarians were governed by
foreign powers by 1920.
Treaty of Trianon 1920
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Dealt with Hungary.
Not signed until 1920.
Like St Germain, its main terms involved the transfer of territories.
The main transfers were:
Transylvania from Hungary to Romania.
Slovakia, Romania from Hungary to Czechoslovakia.
Slovenia and Croatia to Yugoslavia.
A number of smaller territories went to Romania.
Three million Hungarians ended up in other states.
Its industries suffered from a loss in population and raw materials.
It was due to pay reparations but its economy was so weak it never
did.
Treaty of Sevres 1920
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This dealt with Turkey
Last of the Treaties to be negotiated.
Turkey was important because of its strategic position and the size of its Empire.
Its territorial losses were:
Smyrna from Turkey to Greece.
Syria from Turkey to Mandate status under French control
Turkey also effectively lost its control of the straits running into the Black Sea.
The Turks formally had to accept that many countries of their former empire such as Egypt, Tunisia,
Morocco, Palestine were now independent or were under British or French protection. In practice
this was already true but under the treaty the Turks had to officially accept this.
It was not a successful treaty and Turks were outraged by it.
Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal challenged the terms of the treaty by force when they
drove the Greeks out of Smyrna. The result was the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) which returned
Smyrna to Turkey.
There were also other criticisms of the treaty. The motives of Britain and France in taking control of
former Turkish lands were suspect.
The Arabs who had helped the British in the war gained little.
Palestine was also a controversial area and remains a troubled region to the present day.
Te impact of the treaties on
eastern and central Europe
What were the strengths and weaknesses of:
a.Czechoslovakia
b.Poland
c.Yugoslavia