Treaty of Sèvres/Lausanne
 Between Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Allies (Excluding the United states and
Russia)
 TOS signed August 10th 1920 in Sèvres, France
 Complied with terms agreed upon at the Conference of San Remo
 Was originally part of secret Sykes-Picot Agreement (1917)
 TOS declared invalid in a revolution (The Turkish War of Independence)
 Began as the Treaty of Sèvres (TOS) and later became the Treaty of Lausanne
(TOL):

Disagreement between Mustafa Kemal(Turkish Nationalist Leader) and
Ahmed Pashsa(The Ottoman Empire’s Grand Vizier)

Ahmed Pashsa was planning to sign the TOS but was confronted with a
rebellion courtesy of Mustafa Kemal

Mustafa Kemal claimed it unfair to have Turkish ports be deemed
International ports rather than only Turkey’s

Also thought Turkish peoples had been forced into WW1 by the Ottoman
Empire and that they were being unjustifiably punished by the terms of the
TOS

Those involved in the TOS signing had their citizenship removed by the
Grand National Assembly1

Part of the 150 people removed from the country in an attempt to rid Turkey
of Elite formerly ruling the Ottoman Empire

Discussions began once again for a treaty and resulted in Treaty of Lausanne
 TOL signed on July 24th 1923 in Lausanne, Switzerland
1Grand
National Assembly - Turkish parliament, founded on April 23 1920.
 Reaction to TOS:

Many Turkish civilians thought the treaty was harsh and Unfair

Partitioned majority of Turkey’s territory (gained and that of which preluded
the War)

Deemed the ‘Sick Man of Europe’
2
 Terms of the TOS:

Army limited to 50,000 troops

An air force was not allowed

Limit of 13 boats for the navy – 6 Schooners + 7 Torpedo boats

Reparations were to be determined

The right to the electoral system’s reconstruction was now the Allies’s

Turkey’s control over its economy was now given to the Allies
 This includes the Ottoman Bank
 Imports and Exports
 National Budget
 Financial Regulations
 Loan Requests
 Reform of the Tax System
 Debt Repayments

On a condition that the only debt bondholders would be Great Britain, Italy
and France

Turkey was no longer allowed to have economic partnerships of any kind
with Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria
 Any assets within Turkey were to be
liquidated between these four states
2
‘Sick Man of Europe’ - title given to a country who is/was suffering great economic difficulty
or mass poverty.

Territorial changes:
 The Straits of the Dardanelles to be controlled by the allies
 Saudi Arabia became independent
 Turkey lost the rights to Sudan and Libya
 Eastern Thrace and some Turkish Aegean Islands were given to Greece
 Mesopotamia, Palestine and Syria became League of Nation mandates
and were to be run by France and Britain.
 Terms of TOL:

The regained Zone of the Straights although now Turkey’s was to remain
demilitarized

Beyond the Zone of Straights no military limitations were to be set for
Turkey

Turkey regained full power over all its territory

Capitulations along with foreign influenced zones were scrapped

There were no reparations established

In exchange for the exemption of reparations, Turkey had to renounce any
claims on previously Turkish territory beyond its new boundaries

Turkey was to undertake the guarantee of rights to its minorities

Greece and Turkey came to a separate agreement in order to provide for
obligatory exchange of minorities

Constantinople was given back to Turkey
Treaty of Saint-Germain
 Signed with Austria with representatives of Austria on one side and the Allied
Powers on the other
 Signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, on Sept. 10, 1919, and came into
force on July 16, 1920.
 formally dissolved the Austro-Hungarian Empire
 Recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the
Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) and ceding eastern
Galicia, Trento, southern Tirol, Trieste, and Istria
 three million German-speaking Sudetens were included within the new Czech
borders despite the fact that most German-speaking Austrians had been included
within the borders of Austria itself
 Austrian officials protested the violation of the principle of self-determination in
the treaty, the placement of so many ethnic Germans under Czechoslovak and
Italian rule, and the forbiddance of unity with Germany
 The Austria created by the treaty was financially and militarily weak and
therefore a chronic force of instability in Europe between the two World Wars.
 Terms of treaty:

limited Austria’s army to 30,000 men and broke up the Austro-Hungarian
navy, distributing it among the Allies

The Covenant of the League of Nations was included in the treaty, and
forbade Austria from uniting either politically or economically with Germany
unless the League of Nations agreed to this

The only land Austria received was from Hungary when Burgenland was
removed from Hungarian control and put under the control of the Austrians

Teritorrial changes:
 Dalmatia, Slovenia and Bosnia were given to Yugoslavia
 South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Istria were given to Italy
 Bohemia and Moravia were given to Czechoslovakia
 Galicia was given to Poland
 Bukovina was given to Romania
Reaction to treaty:
 Many Austrians were outraged
 In later years Hitler referred to the Sudeten people as “those poor tortured
people” until they were finally absorbed into Germany in 1938 after the
Munich Agreement had been signed
Treaty of Neuilly
 signed on Nov. 27, 1919 between Bulgaria and the victorious Allied powers
 signed as a confirmation to how borders and states were, whose reparations to
whom, and army restrictions to certain areas
 it was disliked and crippling for the losing powers
 Terms:

to cede Western Thrace to the Entente (which awarded it to Greece at the San
Remo conference) thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean
Sea

to cede a further area of 2,563 km2 (990 sq mi) on its western border with the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)

to return Southern Dobruja, which had been captured during the war, to
Romania, thus restoring the border set by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913)

to reduce its army to 20,000 men

to pay reparations of £100 million

to recognize the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
 Reaction to TON:

the Bulgarian people were outraged but they were not in a position to do
anything about the terms in 1919

When World War Two broke out, Bulgaria sided with Nazi Germany and
reclaimed all the land taken from her by the Treaty of Neuilly.

By the time World War Two ended, Bulgaria’s effective independence was
also ended (Stalin imposed a pro-communist government in power and it was
decades before Bulgaria was to enjoy any form of real independence)
Treaty of Trianon
 signed with Hungary on June 4th 1920
 This treaty formally recognized the separation of Austria by signing separate
peace treaties with what were now separate and independent state
 Austria signed the Treaty of St. Germain while the newly independent
Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon
 Hungary suffered territorial losses that affected her economic strength,
military restrictions and population issues.
 what was seen as ‘Hungary’ within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, lost nearly
75% of its territory
 This land was redistributed to the newly created states of Romania,
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
 Nearly 33% of ethnic Hungarians found that they no longer lived in Hungary
(900,000 living in the new Czechoslovakia, 1.6 million in the Transylvania
region of Romania and 420,000 in Serbia)
 the new Hungary was a landlocked state and had no direct access to the
Mediterranean Sea with is many ports( this had a major impact on her
weakened economy as any trade that required to be moved by sea had to pay
tariffs simply to reach a dock to enable it to be shipped abroad)
 Before World War One, Hungary had been a major producer of grain but after
Hungary faced with numerous tariffs and tolls to pay, produced only 30% of
the grain she had been producing in pre-war Europe.
 Much of Hungary’s raw supplies were found outside of its new borders
 The Treaty of Trianon ensured that the new Hungary would have a minimal
growth in her economic clout.
 All the treaties signed by the defeated nations had at their core a desire to
ensure that none of the Central Powers could ever become a threat to
European peace again.
 The effect of this treaty on Hungary was a primary reason for her association
with Nazi Germany.
 Reaction to the treaty:
 Hungarian people were greatly angered by the Treaty of Trianon – both
those living within the new state’s borders and those forced to live
outside of them
 Within Hungary, government buildings kept the national flag lowered
to show their grievance
 Main Terms:
 Territorial changes:
 Slovakia and Ruthenia were given to Czechoslovakia
 Transylvania was given to Romania
 Burgenland was given to Austria
 Slovenia and Croatia were given to Yugoslavia.
 Hungary lost 75% of its territory
 Hungary’s army was reduced to 35,000 men with no conscription
 Not allowed a navy
References
Das, D. (2013). The treaty of St. Germain. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517198/Treaty-of-Saint-Germain
Trueman, C. (2000). The treaty of Sevres. History Learning Site. Retrieved from
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_sevres.htm
Trueman, C. (2000). The treaty of St. Germain. History Learning Site. Retrieved from
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty-st-germain.htm
Trueman, C. (2000). The treaty of Trianon. History Learning Site. Retrieved from
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_trianon.htm
Treaty of Trianon. (2014). Wikipedia. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon
Trueman, C. (2000). The treaty of Neuilly. History Learning Site. Retrieved from
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_neuilly.htm