BEGE -102
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization
BLOCK 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
AND 8
UNIT -1
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(2)
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An Introduction To Phonetics
The Production Of Speech
The Organ Of Speech
A Phonetic Description Of Speech Sounds
Vowels and Consonants
Description of Consonants
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
The Use Of Phonetics Symbols
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
UNIT -2
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
English Vowels -1
The E English Vowels
Vowels In British Received Pronunciation
Pure Vowels
Back Vowels
The Central Vowels
Acceptable Indian Variants
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
UNIT -3
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(1)
(2)
English Vowels -2
The English Diphthongs
Closing Diphthongs
Centering Diphthongs
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UNIT -4
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(1)
(2)
(3)
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English Consonants -1
The English Consonants
The Plosives
The Affricates
The Fricatives
Some Important Contrasts
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
UNIT -5
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(1)
(2)
(3)
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(2)
English Consonants – 2
The Nasals
Bilabial Nasal
Alveolar Nasal
Velar Nasal
The Lateral Consonants
The Semi-vowels
Palatal Semi – Vowel
Labia-velar Semi-vowel
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
UNIT - 6
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Word Stress
Primary Stress And Secondary Stress
How To Mark Stress
Various Stress Patterns
Word Stress Affected By Suffixes
Stress Shift According To The Function Of
Words
• Some Important Rules Concerning Word Stress
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
UNIT -7
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Stress And Rhythm In Connected Speech
Connected Speech
Words To Be Stressed In Connected Speech
Content Words And Grammatical Words
Rhythm
Weak Forms
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UNIT -8
Intonation-1
Saying Short Sentences
Saying Longer Sentences
Breath Groups/sense Groups
Tone Groups
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UNIT - 9
• Intonation – 2
• Choice Of Stressed Syllables In An Utterance
• Choice Of The Nucleus
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UNIT - 10
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INTONATION – 3
TONES
THE FALLING TONE
THE RISING TONE
THE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF
INTONATION
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UNIT -11
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(2)
(3)
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Morphology: The Basic Concepts-1
Identifying The Parts Of A Word
The Criteria
Morphemes
Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes
Affixes, Stems and Roots
How Are Morphemes Combined Into Words?
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UNIT -12
• MORPHOLOGY : THE BASIC CONCEPTS-2
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF AFFIXES:
INFLECTIONAL VS DERIVATIONAL
• COMPOUNDING
• CONVERSION
• MORPHOPHONOLOGY
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
UNIT -13
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(1)
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(3)
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(5)
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INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH -1
THE MAJOR PARTS OF SPEECH
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH
NOUN
Noun Classes
Grammatical Categories Associated with the Noun
Morphology of the Proper Noun
Morphology of the Count Noun
Morphology of the Mass Noun
THE INFLECTIONAL PARADIGM OF THE ENGLISH
NOUN
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INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF
ENGLISH -2
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INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH
PRONOUN
Identifying Pronoun
Grammatical Categories Associated with Pronoun
The paradigm of Personal Pronoun
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH
ADJECTIVE
Identifying Adjectives
The Grammatical Category Associated with
Adjective
The Regular Adjectives
The Irregular Adjectives
The Inflectional Paradigm of the Adjectives
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF
ENGLISH -2
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(2)
(3)
(4)
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE
ENGLISH ENGLISH ADVERB
Identifying Adverbs
Grammatical Categories Associated with the
Adverb
Regular and Irregular Adverbs
The Inflectional Paradigm of the Adverb
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
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INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF
ENGLISH -3
IDENTIFYING VERBS
VERB CLASSES
GRAMMATICAL CATERORIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ENGLISH VERB
PERSON AND NUMBER
TENSE
ASPECT
MOOD
VOICE
MORPHOLOGY OF THE VERB
THE REGULAR VERBS
THE IRREGULAR VERBS
THE BASIC FOR THE REGULAR – IRREGULAR
DISTINCTION
MORPHONOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY OF THE MIDAL VERB
MORPHOLOGY OF THE PRIMARY VERB
THE INFLECTIONAL PARADIGM OF THE ENGLISH VERB
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
BLOCK 4
• UNIT -16,17,18,19 AND 20
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY - 1
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DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY :
CHARACTERISTICS
PREFIXATION: TYPES OF PREFIXES
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
REVERSATIVE AND PRIVATIVE PREFIXES
PERJORATIVE PREFIXES
NUMBER PREFIXES
PREFIXES OF DEGREE, RANK, SIZE, ETC
PREFIXES OF TIME AND ORDER
PREFIXES SHOWING LOCATION
PREFIXES SHOWING ATTITUDE AND
ORIENTATION
PREFIXES WHICH CHANGE THE PART OF
SPEECH OF THE STEM
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY -2
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CLASSIFICATION OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES
THE SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION
SAME – SOUNDING SUFFIXES(SUFFIXAL
HOMOPHONES)
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES OF ENGLISH
NOUN SUFFIXES: SUFFIXES FORMING NOUNS
ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES: SUFFIXES FORMING
ADJECTIVE
NOUN\ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES : SUFFIXES
FORMING WORDS WHICH CAN OCCUR AS
NOUNS OR ADJECTIVES
VERB SUFFIXES : SUFFIXES FORMING VERBS
ADVERB SUFFIXES: SUFFIXES FORMING
ADVERBS
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY -3
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THE NATURE OF CONVERSION
CONVERSION AND DERIVATION
CONVERSION AND SUFFIXATION
FULL AND PARTIAL CONVERSION
CONVERSION WITH FORMAL
MODIFICATION
• TYPES OF CONVERSION: CLASSIFICATION
AND DESCRIPTION
1. CLASSIFICATION
2. DIRECTION OF CONVERSION
3. DESCRIPTION
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
WORD COMPOUNDING - 1
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CRITERION FOR COMPOUNDS
THE GRAMMATICAL CRITERION
THE PHONOLOGICAL CRITERION
THE MEANING CRITERION
APPLYING THE CRITERION
SOME OTHER CONSIDERATION
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
SOME MINOR COMPOUND TYPES
THE COORDINATE COMPOUND
THE COMBINING- FORM COMPOUND
THE REDUPLICATIVE COMPOUND
THE PHRASE COMPOUND
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
WORD COMPOUNDING - 2
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NOUN COMPOUNDS
NOUN +NOUN
VERB+NOUN
NOUN+VERB
ADJECTIVE+NOUN
VERB+PARTICLE
PARTICLE+VERB
PARTICLE+NOUN
ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS
NOUN+ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE+ADJECTIVE
ADVERB+ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE+NOUN
VERB COMPOUNDS
NOUN+VERB
ADJECTIVE+VERB
PARTICLE+VERB
ADJECTIVE+VERB
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
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WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
ORDER
AGREEMENT
TYPES OF SENTENCE
BLOCK LANGUAGE
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BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
• BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE
• BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
THE SUBJECT
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THE NOTIONAL VIEW OF “ SUBJECT”
THE GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF
“SUBJECT”
1. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
2. QUESTION FORMATION
3. PASSIVE VOICE
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THE NATURE OF THE PREDICATE: THE
VERB
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VERBAL ELEMENTS OF THE PREDICATE
TENSE
ASPECT
MODALITY
VOICE
FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB PHRASES
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
OBJECTS AND COMPLIMENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTS, COMPLEMENTS AND
ADVERBIALS
• PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS AND
COMPLEMENTS
• VOICE
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
ADVERBIAL
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINING ADVERBS
KINDS OF ADVERBS
ADVERBS OF PLACE
ADVERBS OF TIME
ADVERBS OF MANNER
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
NEGATIVES
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INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF NEGATION
EXPLICIT NEGATION USING NOT
NON-VERBAL NEGATION
AMBIGUITY SCOPE AND FOCUS
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QUESTIONS
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INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONS
FUNCTIUONS OF QUESTIONS
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
IMPERATIVES AND EXCLAMATIONS
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INTRODUCTION
IIIOCUTIONARY FORCE
EXCLAIMATIONS
IMPERATIVES
FORMULAIC UTTERANCES AND BLOCK
LANGUAGE
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF INDIAN
ENGLISH
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INTRODUCTION
WORD ORDER
QUESTIONS
TENSE AND ASPECTS
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
THE NOUN PHRASE-1
THE HEAD: PRE-MODIFICATION
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NOUNS
NUMBER
GENDER
CASE
PRE-MODIFICATION
THE ARTICLES
THE ARTICLE WITH COUNTABLE NOUN
THE ARTICLE WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
THE ARTICLE WITH PROPER NOUNS
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESIVE PRONOUNS
REFLIXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
THE NOUN PHRASE-2
POST-MODIFICATION:THE RELATIVE
CLAUSE
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RELATIVE CLAUSES AND APPOSITIVE CLAUSES
RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE
CLAUSES
RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
STRUCTURE AND FORMATION
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
ADVERBIAL RELATIVES
HEADLESS RELATIVE CLAUSES
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
THE NOUN PHRASE-3
POST-MODIFICATION:THE
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
• INTRODUCTION
• THE RANGE OF PREPOSITITIONAL PHRASE
MODIFICATION
• THE PREPOSITION IN THE PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASE
• THE INTERPRETATION OF POST-MODIFYING
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
• MULTIPLE MODIFICATION
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
THE VERB PHRASE-1
LEXICAL, AUXILIARY, AND
PHRASAL VERBS
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INTRODUCTION
LEXICAL VERBS
AUXILIARY VERBS
PHRASAL VERBS
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
THE VERB PHRASE-2
TENSE;ASPECT;MODALITY
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TENSE
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
ASPECT
THE PROGRESSIVE
THE PERFECT
THE PERFECTPROGRESSIVE
MODALITY
CAN
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
SHALL
SHOULD
WILL
WOULD
MUST
OUGHT TO
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CLAUSE TYPE AND SENTENCE TYPES
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INTRODUCTION
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT CLAUSES
TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
SENTENCE TYPES
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COMPOUND SENTENCES
• INTRODUCTION
• RELATIONSHIP OF MEANING BETWEEN
COORDINATE CLAUSES
• COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• LINKING OF UNITS SMALLER THAN
CLAUSES
• SHORTENED FORMS OF COMPOUND
SENTENCE
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© Copyright PCTI Group 2009
COMPLEX SENTENCES -1
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INTRODUCTION
SUBORDINATION AS A LINKING DEVICE
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
NOUN CLAUSES
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COMPLEX SENTENCES - 2
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INTRODUCTION
THE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
THE NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
THE SENTENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
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COMPLEX SENTENCES - 3
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INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
TIME
PLACE
PURPOSE AND RESULT
REASON
CONDITION
CONCESSION AND CONTRAST
MANNER
COMPARISON
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