Introduction to
The al-Qur’an
( The Main Sources Of Islam )
Madah Ta’lim
Agus Syihabudin
Belief
True piety is this: to believe in God,
and the Last Day, the angels, the
Book, and the Prophets, to give of
one’s substance, however
cherished, to kinsmen, and
orphans, the needy, the traveler,
beggars, and to ransom the slave,
to perform the prayer, to pay the
alms.
(Surat al-Baqara, 177)
Linguistic Meaning
Quran root word is QARA’A meaning
read or recite. Hence, Quran means
“the reading” or the “recitation”
And (it is) a Quran which We have divided
(into parts), in order that you might recite it
to men at intervals 17:106
Islamic Meaning
The Quran is the Arabic Speech of Allah,
which He revealed to Prophet Muhammad in
wording and meaning, and has been preserved
in the mushafs, and has reached us by
mutawaatir transmission, and is a challenge to
mankind to produce something similar to it.
Names of the Quran
Quran (recitation) mentioned 73 times 17:88
Kitab (book) mentioned 77 times (2:1-2)
Furqan (Criterion) 4 times
Dhikr (Reminder) mentioned 55 times
Tanzeel (Revelation) over 140 times
The Beginning of Revelation
Proclaim! (or Read!)
In the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created
Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:
Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful He who taught (the use of) the pen
Taught man that which he knew not.
(Surat al-‘Alaq, 1-5)
The unmediated word of God
114 chapters
6207 verses
77,934 words
323,671 letters
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revealed over 22 years (22 y, 2 m and 22 d)
Not arranged in the order in which it was revealed
Traditionally thought to have been collected under
‘Uthman (d. 656), third caliph
Today’s text based on the 1925 Egyptian edition
Compilation of the Quran
 1st
compilation by Abu Bakr in 12 AH after the
Battle of Yamaamah
 2nd
compilation by Uthman 24-25 AH
The Oldest Quranic Manuscripts
Content of the al-Qur’an
Main themes:
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Creed or matters of Belief (Aqeedah)
Stories and History
Laws
 Legal
material of the Quran is contained in
about 500 Ayats
Meccan-Madinan Phases
 Larger
part of the Quran was revealed in Mecca
- mostly deal with beliefs, disputation with
unbelievers and their invitation to Islam
 Madinan
surahs deal with legal rules regarding
family, society, politics, economics, etc.
Inimitability Of the Quran
The Quran is considered the Greatest
miracles
And if you are in doubt concerning that which
We have sent down to Our slave, then produce a
chapter of the like thereof and call your
witnesses (supporters and helpers) besides
Allah, if you are truthful.
Five verses: 2:23-24,10:38,11:13,17:88
52:33-34
7 BUKTI KEMUKJIZATAN AL QUR’AN
1. Bahasa Arab yang indah dan menakjubkan
2. Menceritakan sejarah dan menggambarakan
prediksi kehidupan secara akurat
3. Isyarat IPTEK yang sejalan dengan penemuan
mutakhir
4. Membawa ajaran kehidupan yang benar, adil dan
menjamin kedamaian hidup
5. Diturunkan kepada seorang Nabi yang Ummi
6. Proses penurunan dalam skala waktu lama yang
menjamin mudah terdeteksinya kepalsuan jika ia
bikinan manusia
7. Mendapatkan garansi pemeliharaan Allah SWT
QURAN & SCIENCE
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HUMAN EMBRYO, FLIES, ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE, EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE, ON IRON, SENSORY
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKIN, ON
BOTANY, THE CONSTITUENTS AND
PRODUCE OF MILK, ABOUT THE
CLOUDS, THE RIVERS, THE FUNCTION
OF THE FOREPART OF THE HEAD
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See http://www.islam-guide.com/ &
http://www.quranandscience.com/miracle
s.html
PERBEDAAN QUR’AN DAN QANUN
Suatu hukum mewarisi karakteristik
pembuatnya
- Karakter manusia itu lemah (tidak sempurna)
- Klaim kekelanan Qanun bertentangan dengan
fitrah si pembuatnya
2. Suatu hukum dibuat berdasarkan kebutuhan
- Kebutuhan manusia bersifat dinamis (berubah)
- Qanun harus berubah seiring dengan dinamika
3. Suatu hukum dibuat untuk mengatur hidup
supaya tertib
- Kalau hidup sudah tertib, tidak perlu hukum
1.
ASAS PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM
1.TAQLIL AL TAKALIF (QS. 7:157)
2. ‘ADAM AL HARJ
- Menggugurkan suatu kewajiban
- Mengurangkan
- Mendahulukan
- Membelakangkan
- Mengganti
- Mengubah Cara
‘- Rukhshah
3. AL TADARRUJ FI AL TASYRI;
A Gradual Revelation
Wisdom behind gradual revelation
1. To strengthen resolve 25:32
2. To simplify memorization and understanding
3.) To prove the truthfulness of the Prophet 25:33
4.) To prove the miraculous nature of the Quran 4:82
5.) To reveal the laws of Islam
Preservation of the Quran
ۡ
ۡ
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َ
‫َن‬
َ ‫إِ َّنا َن ۡحنُ َن َّزلنا ٱلذك َر ََإِنا ل ُُ ۥ ل َح ٰـ ِفظ‬
“Verily, We have revealed the Reminder,
and verily We shall preserve it.” (15:9)
Compilation of Quran
Why wasn’t it compiled during the life of the
Prophet?
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The Quran was written down in totality but
the Prophet didn’t order that it be compiled
between two covers
No pressing need
Quran continued to be revealed…last verse
nine days before death
Quran not in chronological order
Memorization of Quran
And We have indeed made the Quran easy
to understand and remember, then is
there any one who will remember (or
receive admonition)? (54:17)
“It will be said to the companion of the
Quran: Recite and rise in status, recite as
you used to recite in the world, for your
status will be at the last verse that you
recite.” (Abu Dawood)
Memorization of Quran
The Prophet said: “Learn the Quran,
preserve it, and recite it in a beautiful,
musical manner, because it is swifter in
escaping (from your memory) than the
camels are from their hobbles. [Musnad
Ahmad]
Sciences of the Quran
Asbab al-Nuzul
(Occasion of Revelation)
 Asbab
al-Nuzul or events which are related to
revelation of the Ayats
 Hukm (law) is not limited to the events or
circumstances.
 Asbab al-Nuzul helps to understand the Quran
and its law.
Sciences of the quran
Benefit of Knowing Occasion of
Revelation
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To understand the circumstances in which
a verse was revealed
To apply verses in a proper manner
To know the person who caused the
revelation
Sciences of the quran
Abrogation (al Naskh)
And when We change a Verse in place of
another, and Allah knows best what He
sends down, they (the disbelievers) say:
"You are but a forger/ liar)." 16:101
Example: Ruling on Alcohol
2:219 (harmful), don’t pray drunk (4:43),
prohibited (5:90)
Sciences of the quran
Abrogation (al-Naskh)
Benefits of this knowledge
 Understand and implement Quran properly
 Knowledge of gradual revelation of shariah
 Defense of Quran and Sunnah
Sciences of the quran
Recitation
Tajweed: Science of the recitation of the Quran
 Ten different recitation of the Quran
Young boy
Indonesian
American
Kuwaiti
Saudi
Egyptian
Sciences of the quran
Exegeses (al-Tafsir)
“The process of understanding Qur’anic texts.”
1) Tafsir bil ma’tsur – based on reports deriving from
the Qur’an, the Prophet, the Companions
2) Tafsir bir ra’yi – based on ijtihad (reasoning)
Hermeneutics discourse of contemporary exegetes:
The Qur’an is not to be treated as a ‘dead’ text,
but as a living text with spirit for transformation.
Virtue of the Quran
“The best of you is he who learns
the Quran and teaches it to
others” (Bukhari)
“I have certainly left among you
two matters, that if you adhere to
them, you will never be misguided:
the book of Allah and the Sunnah
of His prophet” (Malik)
Virtue of Quran
And if there had been a Quran with which
mountains could be moved (from their places),
or the earth could be cloven asunder, or the dead
could be made to speak (it would not have been
other than this Quran). But the decision of all
things is certainly with Allah. Have not then
those who believed yet known that had Allah
willed, He could have guided all mankind? 13:31
The neglect of the Quran
 Furqan:
30
 Avoiding listening to its recitation, beliving
in it or paying attention to it
 Avoiding acting by and respecting what
the Quran states as halal and Haram
 Avoiding accepting the Quran as an arbiter
 Avoiding pondering over it
 Avoiding using it as a cure for the
diseases of the heart
Reaction to the Quran
Embraced Islam
Listening to it secretly themselves
Claimed it was magic (Story of Waleed p.269)
Normative Basis of Shariah:
Maqashid Shariah (Overall Goal) – Imam Shatiby
Basic human rights in Islam – Al Kulliyatul Khoms
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Right for protection of one’s faith
Right for protection of one’s life
Right for freedom of thoughts
Right for protection of one’s property
Right for protection of progeny
‘God loves to see that His concessions are taken advantage of,
just as He hates to see the commission of a sin.’ (Hadith)
‘Fulfill your duties to the extent of your ability.’ (Hadith)