Warm Up
 Prepositions!
First, let’s review…
What is a preposition?
Grammaropolis can help us. Okay, so
to review again, here’s a song. Pay
attention! Video: A Merit Badge is
Just Like a Cat
 Write
a sentence about a slug or
a bat using a preposition.
Before the bell…
Make sure you have your
writer’s notebook and
something to write with.
You will be given a grade
for warm up, notes/ writer’s
notebook entries for today.
Ethos, Pathos, and
Logos
English II
What is rhetoric?
rhet·o·ric /ˈrɛt ər ɪk/–noun
1. (in writing or speech) the undue use of exaggeration or display; bombast.
2. the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or
verse, including the figures of speech.
3. the study of the effective use of language.
4. the ability to use language effectively.
5. the art of prose in general as opposed to verse.
6. the art of making persuasive speeches; oratory.
7. (in classical oratory) the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an
audience.
Origin: 1300–50; < L rhētorica < Gk rhētorikḕ ( téchnē ) rhetorical (art); r.
ME rethorik < ML rēthorica, L rhētorica, as above
Source: The Random House Dictionary, 2010
Why are we studying rhetoric?



To help us analyze the persuasive
techniques used by the characters in
Julius Caesar.
To help us notice the persuasive
techniques being directed at us as we
read, hear and view text and other media
every day, in and outside of school.
To help us craft our own persuasive
writing and speech.
What is a rhetorical strategy?
A way of using language that is
designed to influence an audience’s
thoughts about an issue
 We will study three major rhetorical
strategies:

– logos
– pathos
– ethos
What is Logos?
***This is the most important
rhetorical strategy.***
Logos - Appealing to the audience’s
sense of logic or intelligence.
When identifying Logos, look for:
The Author’s Central Claim (Thesis)
2. Supporting Reasons
-General statements that prove the central
Claim.
3. Supporting Evidence
-statistics
-facts/data
-graphs
-examples
1.
More to look for…
4. Counterarguments
-Anticipate opposing views, and refute
(deny) the validity of the argument.
5. Persuasive Situation
-Intended audience and topic
(Triangle)
-Occasion: what is the time and place?
-Purpose
What is the EFFECT on the
Audience?
Logos evokes a rational response.
Readers think, “Oh, that makes
sense” or “Hmm, that doesn’t really
prove anything”.
APPLICATION TIME!!!
Scenario:
It is the day your persuasive essay is
due. You do not have it in hand to
turn in on time. You respond with…
(USE LOGOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)
Pathos
Pathos-Appealing to the Audience’s
sense of emotion using descriptive
language.
When identifying PATHOS, look
for:
-imagery/figurative language
-connotations with word choice and phrases
-personal anecdotes (stories)
-emotionally loaded language (vivid
descriptions)
-imagery
-diction (word choice)
-emotional tone: (humor, sarcasm,
disappointment, excitement, etc.)
***BEWARE OF…***
Propaganda-an argument that appeals
ONLY to the emotions is by definition
WEAK. Although sometimes pathos
alone can be powerfully persuasive,
propaganda is generally considered
to be an empty tactic, as it
manipulates, rather than appeals to,
the audience’s emotions.
What is the EFFECT on the
audience?
Pathos evokes an emotional response,
persuading using the Audience’s
emotion, and usually conjures
emotions such as fear, sympathy,
empathy, or anger.
APPLICATION TIME!!!
Scenario:
It is the day your persuasive essay is
due. You do not have it in hand to
turn in on time. You respond with…
(USE PATHOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)
Ethos
Ethos-Belongs to the Speaker; appeals
to the Speaker’s credibility and
character by showing his/her
expertise, knowledge, experience,
training, etc.
When identifying ETHOS, look for:
-Speaker’s profession/backgroundvalid qualifications
-Appropriate vocabulary, correct
grammar
-Evidence of shared values between
Speaker and Audience
-Speaker is morally/ethically likeable
-Appropriate tone of the text/making a
good impression)
-Thoroughness of information
What is the EFFECT on the
audience?
Ethos helps the reader to see the
audience as reliable, trustworthy,
competent, and credible; therefore,
the reader might respect the author’s
views.
And now… Julius Caesar
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar
William Shakespeare
Julius Caesar: Introduction
The setting of this play is ancient Rome.
Shakespeare creates a world full of political
intrigue, magical occurrences, and military
conquest.
Julius Caesar: Introduction
Caesar was fighting Pompey, another powerful
Roman, and his sons.
Pompey, as well as
others in the Roman
senate, was disturbed by
Caesar’s growing
ambition.
Julius Caesar: Introduction
Their fears seem to be valid when Caesar refuses
to enter Rome as an ordinary citizen after the war.
Instead, he marches his army on Rome and takes
over the government.
Julius Caesar: Introduction
But the people don’t
mind—in fact, they love
him.
Caesar is made
dictator, or ruler—a
position that was
sometimes granted
for a ten-year term—
for the rest of his life.
Julius Caesar: Introduction
Many senators,
however, resent Caesar
for having so much
power.
Julius Caesar: Introduction
Some senators begin to conspire. . .
Brutus, Caesar’s friend who believes that he must act
against Caesar for the good of Rome
Casca, who hates the ordinary citizens of Rome yet is
jealous because they love Caesar and not him
Cassius, a greedy and jealous man who wants
to take drastic measures to keep Caesar from winning any
more power—and to take away any power that Caesar
previously had!
Julius Caesar : Background
Shakespeare uses
Roman customs and
superstition to create
spooky conditions to
mirror the dangerous
plot being planned.
Julius Caesar : Background
The Romans believed
that omens could reveal
the future.
These omens could
take the form of
unusual weather,
flights of birds, or
other natural
phenomena.
Julius Caesar: Background
Animals were seen as indicators of the future.
The Romans often
sacrificed animals to the
gods, and had their entrails
(guts) examined by an
official called a haruspex.
Any abnormalities or
imperfections indicated the
anger of a god or a
particularly bad event
about to happen.
Julius Caesar: Background
Unusual astronomical
and meteorological
occurrences were also
seen as signs of future
events.
Solar eclipses were
believed to foreshadow
doom, as was lightning.
Julius Caesar: Background
One of the reasons the Senate was concerned by
Caesar’s accumulation of power was Rome’s long
history as a republic.
The Royal Shakespeare
Production of Caesar
We will read a version of the play that has the
modern text alongside the old English version
of the text. It’s important to be familiar with
Shakespearean English, but it’s also important
to understand the play. So, we will do both.
Then, we will watch the Royal Shakespeare’s
production of the play. It’s a recent adaptation
set in present day Africa.
Interview with the director
Some things you need this six weeks! (All
for download under “Important
Documents” on my website)
 The “No Fear” Shakespeare version of Julius Caesar- we
may have some scenes for homework if we do not stay on
track in class. Also, it will be helpful for assignments.
 The Unit Test Study guide. It’s already up there with the
essay question and the short answers for each act.
 The final in class essay prompt. It deals with betrayal. How
exciting!
 Dialectical Journal Handout. You need one for each act.