Bankruptcy Law in Ireland:
Its limitations and the need for reform
Julie Murphy O’Connor, 24 April 2012
Economic climate
 Credit crunch
 Company insolvencies have increased – personal
guarantee liabilities - increase in director restriction
applications
 Judgments in Ireland have increased – rise in debtrelated litigation
 Rise in unemployment, fall in average income, fall in
house prices and negative equity
 Bankruptcy is now an option being seriously considered
by not just creditors, but debtors themselves
Bankruptcy
 Individuals only
 Collection and realisation of assets for distribution pro rata
amongst creditors
 Secured debts fall outside the process
 Relief / benefit – means of freeing a debtor from the balance of
their debts when they are unable to pay them in full – fresh start
 Governed in Ireland by the Bankruptcy Act 1988 (as amended by
the EU Insolvency Regulation (EC no 1346/2000) and Civil Law
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011)
Context – Court driven process
 Bankruptcy – asset realisation and distribution to creditors
 By Court Order
 On application of creditor or debtor
 Official Assignee
 Trustee
 Debt settlement/arrangement – current options
 Formal – court supervised scheme of arrangement
 Composition post adjudication - also requires court approval
 Informal composition with creditors – requires trust/goodwill -no
obligation on creditors to accept – no protection from enforcement
 Informal trustee arrangement – requires trust/goodwill - no
obligation on creditors to accept – no protection from enforcement
Consequences of adjudication of bankruptcy
 All property belonging to the bankrupt (including the
family home) automatically vests (with certain
exceptions) with the Official Assignee for the benefit of
his/her creditors
 Court approval required for sale of the family home –
discretion to postpone sale
 All property (except certain payments in respect of
personal injury or loss) acquired by the bankrupt after the
adjudication vests in the Official Assignee, if and when
he claims it
Consequences of adjudication (ctd)
 salary is liable to be attached in favour of the Official
Assignee
 cannot hold elected office
 cannot act as a company director without leave of the
Court
 cannot act as a solicitor, auctioneer, stockbroker,
liquidator, receiver, trustee
 difficulties in operating a bank account – cannot borrow or
obtain credit for more than €640 without disclosure to
financial institution of bankruptcy (misconception that a
bankrupt cannot hold a bank account)
Discharge of bankrupt
 Court will order discharge where
 Expenses, fees and costs of bankruptcy defrayed, and
 Preferential debts and all creditors paid in full.
 or
 Expenses, fees and costs of bankruptcy defrayed, and
 Preferential debts paid in full, and
 where all creditors consent.
Discharge (ctd)
 Court has discretion to order discharge where
 bankrupt has disclosed all after-acquired property, and
 court considers it “reasonable and proper” in the
circumstances, and
 creditors paid at least 50c in € by official assignee, or
 creditors paid at least 50c in € by OA + bankrupt + his
friends, or
 bankruptcy in existence for more than 5 years (reduced
from 12 years pursuant to the Civil Law (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act 2011 – effective from 10 October 2011)
Discharge (ctd)
 Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011 provides,
for the first time, for automatic discharge of bankruptcies
on the 12th anniversary of the bankruptcy adjudication
order.
 Before this amendment, bankruptcy was potentially
never-ending!
Court arrangement (s87 – s109 of the 1988 Act)
 Debtor petitions to the High Court for protection so that the debtor
can put together a court supervised arrangement for consideration
with his creditors
 Court grants protection for the debtor and his assets and directs
“preliminary meeting” with creditors
 Arranging debtor files statement of affairs. OA may undertake
proof of debt process.
 “Preliminary meeting” with creditors at which the debtor presents a
statement of assets and liabilities. The debtor must be present in
person and keep a minute of the proceedings – all creditors to be
notified of meeting. Debtor outlines proposals he intends to make.
Court arrangement (ctd)
 The debtor’s proposal must include a scheme for making a
compromise payment to each of the debtor’s creditors (Order 76,
Rule 1, Rules of the Superior Courts). Preferential creditors must
be paid in full.
 A “private sitting” before the courts is then scheduled at which the
debtor’s proposal for an arrangement with creditors is presented
for their consideration
 3/5 of voting creditors, in number and value, must approve the
debtor’s proposal in the “private sitting” before it can be
considered by the Court for approval
 Arrangement requires Court approval
 If approved, binding on all creditors
Criticisms of Irish bankruptcy system
 Victorian punitive approach v European rehabilitative approach
 Creditor focussed
 Court involvement – too expensive – rarely used
 12 years is longer than most prison sentences for manslaughter
 Fails to distinguish between those who can’t and those who won’t
pay; between financial failure and immorality
 Wholly inappropriate for dealing with reality of consumer debt
 Bankruptcy legislation is “crippling” the entrepreneurial classes more than 90 per cent of directors of failed companies have debts
associated with the company as a result of personal guarantees
 No right to a solution for debtors
Bankruptcy in the UK –v- Ireland
 In the UK a bankrupt is automatically discharged after 12 months
(unless bankrupt fails to co-operate with the trustee in
bankruptcy). Following discharge, the debtor can carry on
business free of his previous debts.
 Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA) process in UK – properly
regulated; out of court arrangement; if passed it is binding on all
creditors; administered by licensed insolvency practitioner.
 Debt Relief Orders (DRO) in UK – unsecured qualifying debts<
£15,000; gross assets < £300; disposable income < £50 per
month.
Statistics
 In 2009 there were over 130,000 personal insolvencies in
England, Scotland and Wales (includes non judicial
arrangements), over 135,000 in 2010 and almost 140,000 in 2011.
 There were 1200 personal insolvencies in Northern Ireland in
2010, and 2,803 in 2011 (includes bankruptcy orders, DRO's and
IVA's).
 There were 8 bankruptcies in Ireland in 2008, 17 in 2009, 29 in
2010 and 33 in 2011. There was 1 scheme of arrangement in
2008, 7 in 2009, 10 in 2010 and 4 in 2011.
 Although number of bankruptcies only slightly increased, the
amount of money involved in each case is continuing to increase
dramatically.
Impact of reduction of period for discharge?
 Debtor remains a bankrupt until discharged by the court.
 Bankrupt may be discharged after 5 years by the court,
or will be discharged automatically after 12 years.
 After discharge, the debtor can carry on business without
stigma of bankruptcy. Not short enough a period for it to
matter in practice? Preference will still be to forum
shop?
Forum shopping
 Are there advantages to debtor opening bankruptcy proceedings
in another EU Member State?
 Yes!
 On what basis will another EU Member State have jurisdiction to
open bankruptcy proceedings in respect of an Irish
national/domiciled individual?
 If debtor can establish to a local court that his COMI is in that other Member
State as at the date, the issue is decided by that court.
 What is the scope for an Irish court refusing to recognise
bankruptcy proceedings opened in another EU Member State?
 Very limited. Fact that Irish court may have reached a different conclusion
on COMI is not basis for refusal to recognise decision of other court to open
main proceedings.
Reform
 Law Reform Commission – Interim Report 2010
 Reform should address:
 introduction of legally binding, non-judicial debt settlement
systems
 power to compel participation of creditors who
unreasonably refuse a settlement offer
 a legal right to a solution for over-indebted individuals
 relief, rehabilitation and a fresh/earned start for the overindebted
 balance and proportionality
 both mortgage and non-mortgage debt
Reform (ctd)
 Proposed Heads of Personal Insolvency Bill
 In addition to the current bankruptcy regime, 3 new nonjudicial debt settlement systems for individuals are
proposed:
 Debt relief certificate
 unsecured qualifying debts <€20,000
 Debt settlement arrangement
 unsecured qualifying debts >€20,001
 Personal insolvency arrangement
 secured and unsecured debts €20,001 - €3m (max)
Reform (ctd)
 Establishment of an Insolvency Service (body corporate
staffed by civil servants) to oversee new non-judicial debt
settlement systems
 Proposed amendments to current bankruptcy regime:
 minimum debt threshold of €20,001 for creditor petition;
 reduction in period for automatic discharge from 12 years
to 3 years (but court can order debtor to continue to make
payments to creditors for further 5 years after discharge);
 can delay discharge for up to 8 years where noncooperation / dishonest behaviour by debtor.
Timing
 Heads of Personal Insolvency Bill published on 25 January 2012.
 Referred to Joint Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality on
26 January 2012. 10 written submissions received. Public
hearing held on 15 February 2012 to discuss issues of concern of
those who made submissions.
 Report of Joint Committee published on 6 March 2012.
 Initially planned to publish Bill on 30 April 2012 (IMF/EU
requirements). Seems now that Bill will be introduced formally to
Houses of the Oireachtas before Summer recess.
 Likely to be some time before Bill eventually becomes law due to
complexities involved, including constitutional issues and the
requirement to set up the Insolvency Service, etc.
Contact Details
Julie Murphy-O’Connor
Matheson Ormsby Prentice
70 Sir John Rogerson's Quay
Dublin 2
D: + 353 1 232 2192
T: + 353 1 232 2000
F:+ 353 1 232 3333
E: julie.murphy-oconnor@mop.ie
W: www.mop.ie