10/29/14
Freshman Composition
• Pass out Graded Definition Essays and Grading Sheets
• Go over common errors (issues)
• Practice Fixing Common Errors
• Relative clauses
• MLA citation exercise
• Review, discuss, and analyze “The Green Eyed Monster”
and “Pride” and complete Response Reading Essays
• Practice brainstorming using Grant versus Lee essay by
Bruce Canton
• Peer Review Comparison and Contrast Essays
What to Expect Today
Date
Assignments
November 5
Final Comparison/Contrast Essay
Quiz – 75 Readings
November 12
Rough Draft Argument Essay with Peer Review
Quiz – 75 Readings
November 19
No Class
Email electronic copy of Final Draft of Argument Essay
to Instructor by November 19 – no exceptions
Late 10% per day late
November 26
No Class
Work on Outline of Presentation of Argument
Readings as assigned
December 3
Draft of Script and Visuals for Presentation of Argument
Final Quiz – 75 Readings
What to Expect For The
Remainder of Course
December 10
Final ExamPresentations with Visuals Based on Argument Essay
Lessons Learned:
Definition Essays
• What is courage? Well, courage, to me, is an outstanding
act of bravery that goes above and beyond the normal
standards of bravery.
• Courage is overcoming hardship.
• Courage is the act of overcoming fear when you are
scared.
• To have courage I feel you have to succeed in battle and
work through pain the best you can.
• Courage is winning, power, determination and, of course,
fearlessness. Courage is more than a word; it is a value.
Your Definitions of Courage
• Courage is standing up for what you believe in even when the
majority of society disagrees with your position.
• Courage is the drive within you to continue in spite of
difficulty.
• Courage is the ability and willingness to confront fear, pain,
danger and uncertainty.
• Courage is the willingness to confront fear, danger or
uncertainty. When I think of courage I think of soldiers,
fearless, read to defeat, out oon the battlefield fighting for you
and me. These soldiers have to display courage and bravery in
every battle.
• Courage is strength that people have when they try some of the
things that most people are afraid to do.
Your Definitions of Courage
•Buddha
•Jesus
•Nelson Mandela
•Ghandi
•Martin Luther King Jr.
•Helen Keller
•Winston Churchill
•Maya Angelou
•Rosa Parks
•Steve Jobs
•Jay-Z
•Muhammad Ali
•Sylvester Stallone
•Erma Bombeck
•Eva Mendez (helped
victims of sexual abuse
in Sierra Leone)
•Lieutenant Kirchtoff
(member of the USSR’s
Armed Forces)
People You Identified as Exhibiting Courage
• Life is a constant fight with ourselves and our surroundings. How far
we want to go in life depends on how hard we fight for it. Since the
moment we are born, there will be years ahead to struggle with fears:
the fear to dare to express love, fear of being alone, the fear to find
the unknown. How we deal with fears and how strong we are will
lead us to find the real meaning of courage.
• Imagine one day you had to face the biggest competition in your life.
What it takes to face that situation is courage.
• Most of the people who leave a mark and make history in this world
have a certain amount of courage. From famous leaders to artists; all
show some type of bravery that is respected and valued, Without
courage you could never know who the best of you is.
Good Openings
• Courage is an interesting word. Those who have courage are willing
to accept change, endure personal sacrifice, and even accept criticism
to accomplish a goal. You might want to do something like write a
novel. The thing that changes the wanting to do it to actually doing it
is courage.
• Have you ever had to face a terrible fear? Or had to deal with pain or
grief? Whenever this occurs, one has to reach deep inside them to
find this thing called courage.
• What is courage? Are you born with it or do you gain it with age?No
one really knows how we come to get our courage. But, personally, I
think that you gain courage through overcoming obstacles in life. The
more obstacles we overcome, the more we gain courage.
• Have you ever felt afraid of trying something new and then it turned
out to be a great experience to have and you were happy you tried it?
To me, it has happened multiple times, and those times were some of
the best times of my life. This trait is called courage.
Good Openings (cont)
• Through history, public figures and philosophers have
dared to share their own interpretations of courage from
life experiences. For example, Plato used a few words to
describe what he believed courage was. He said “courage
is steadfastness in battle.”
• Galileo Galilei transformed the way we view science by
challenging the church and its widely accepted viewpoint.
• There is hardly any famous writer who has not spoken
about courage.
Good Transitions
• According to Dictionary.com, courage is defined as “the
quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face
difficulty, danger, or pain.” I personally define courage as
overcoming your fears.
Good Use of Citations
• People often confuse courage with mediocre acts of
common decency. If there is a bug in a room and a girl
gets afraid and a guy comes along and kills it for her,
more often than not she will thank him for his bravery
and courage. This is false. He was not brave at all; in fact,
he wasn’t even afraid. He squished a bug for a person and
that was all.
Discussion of What is Not
Courage
Citing Quote without Giving Sufficient
Background on an Individual
Common Error 1:
“Courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake
of peace.” (Mandela) That’s one definition of what
courage is. Another person named Maya Angelou said
that courage is the most important of all virtues,.
Common Error 1: Example
Nelson Mandela is known throughout the world as a very
courageous person. He endured the injustice of apartheid
in South Africa. He was ridiculed and harassed, even
jailed, but he kept true to his message. He is known as the
Father of Democracy for South Africa. Nelson Mandela
felt that forgiveness was an important part of being
courageous. Mandela proclaimed, “courageous people do
not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace.”
Common Error 1: Fixes
Maya Angelou’s life is an example of courage. The way
she faced and overcame hardship in her life demonstrates
true courage. As an African American, Angelou
experienced firsthand racial prejudices and discrimination
in Arkansas. She also suffered at the hands of a family
member when she was sexually assaulted at the age of 7.
In spite of poverty, prejudice, and abuse, Angelou became
a nationally recognized author, poet, and civil rights
activist. Angelou said that courage is “the most important
of all virtues, because without it we can’t practice any
other virtue with consistency.”
Common Error 1: Fixes
Mixing Up Who, Which, That
Common Error 2:
Example: There is hardly any famous
writer that has not spoken about
courage.
Common Error 2: Relative
Clauses
Common Error – That,
Which, Who, Whose
• use 'who' for people
• Use ‘which’ for things
• use 'that' for people or things
Relative Clauses
• She worked for a man who used to be an athlete
• We broke the computer that belonged to my father
Relative Clauses
• We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences,
or to give more information about something.
• I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
• She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses
Let’s Practice Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses
Not Leading into or Analyzing
Citations
Common Error 3:
Others define courage differently. “Courage is what
it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it
takes to sit down and listen.” (Churchill) “Courage is
the most important of all virtues because without
courage, you can’t practice any other virtue
consistently.” (Angelou)
Common Error 3: Example
Others define courage differently. According to
Winston “Courage is what it takes to stand up and
speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and
listen.”
Maya Angelou, poet and civil war activist,,
proclaimed that “Courage is the most important of all
virtues because without courage, you can’t practice
any other virtue consistently.” Angelou exhibited
courage in overcoming hardships in her life,
including racism, sexual abuse, and poverty.
Common Error 3: Fixes
Common Error 4 Citations
Online Quotation Sources
Rule: Use the originator’s name in the signal phrase.
Include the Web site title in parentheses.
EXAMPLE:
As the English author, Joseph Addison, said, “Three grand
essentials to happiness in this life are something to do, something
to love, and something to hope for” (Creative Quotations).
Common Error 4 –
In-Text Citations
Online Dictionary
Rule: Use the name of the dictionary as a signal phrase
and the definition in quotes.
EXAMPLE:
The Merriam Webster Dictionary states that courage is “the
ability to do something you know is difficult or dangerous.”
Common Error 4 –
In-Text Citations
Let’s Fix These!
Examples of Errors from
Your Definition Essays
The merriam Webster dictionary states that courage is the
ability to do something you know is difficult or
dangerous.
Let’s Fix This
The merriam Webster dictionary states that courage is the
ability to do something you know is difficult or
dangerous.
The Merriam Webster Dictionary states that
courage is “the ability to do something you know is
difficult or dangerous.”
Let’s Fix This
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling
writes “It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our
enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends.”
Let’s Fix This
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling
writes “It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our
enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends.”
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling
writes “It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our
enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends ”
(163). If citing from book
Let’s Fix This
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling
writes “It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our
enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends.”
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling
writes “It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our
enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends ”
(NotableQuotes). If quote came from a quotation site.
Let’s Fix This
“Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the
quality which guarantees the others” Winston Churchill.
Based off this quote from BrainyQuote I feel Winston
was trying to state that courage will always be in the body
of the humans.
Let’s Fix This
“Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the
quality which guarantees the others” Winston Churchill.
Based off this quote I feel Winston was trying to state that
courage will always be in the body of the humans.
According to Winston Churchill, “courage is the first
of human qualities because it is the quality which
guarantees the others” (BrainyQuote). This quote
indicates courage resides within all human beings.
Let’s Fix This
“You will never do anything in this world without courage.
It is the greatest quality of the mind next to honor.”
Words spoken by the famous Aristotle himself and I
found these very words off of brainy quote.
Let’s Fix It
“You will never do anything in this world without courage.
It is the greatest quality of the mind next to honor.”
Words spoken by the famous Aristotle himself and I
found these very words off of brainy quote.
Greek philosopher Aristotle proclaimed “you will
never do anything in this world without courage.
It is the greatest quality of the mind next to
honor” (BrainyQuote).
Let’s Fix It
• Pass out Handout and Work with a Partner on MLA
Citation Exercises Based on “Courage” Sources
Let’s Review and Practice
• The Green-Eyed Monster: Envy
• Pride - Dagoberto Gilb
Complete Response
Reading Activity
Analyze Definition Essay
Readings
This essay
• attempts to define envy by distinguishing it from jealousy
quotes dictionaries, philosophers, and writers
• provides examples of types of envy and stimuli of envy
The Green-Eyed Monster: Envy
7 Deadly Sins
Why is
Envy The
Worst Sin?
The Green-Eyed Monster: Envy
Why is Envy
The Worst
Sin?
Envy is the only one that
involves a direct wish to
harm or take something
from another person
The Green-Eyed Monster: Envy
Jealousy
Envy
one yearns for general things (i.e.,
wealth or youth)
Envy is personal because it
focuses on self-gain and because it
targets specific people who have
what the envious person wants for
himself or wishes the other person
didn‘t have
Jealousy is not always pejorative;
one can after all be jealous of
one‘s dignity, civil rights, honor.‖
(Paragraph 6)
A malicious desire to hurt others by
taking what they have or resenting
them for having their good fortune
Jealous vs. Envy
“Green with Envy”
• Green is traditionally a color associated with
illness, dating back to the Greeks. But it wasn’t
until Shakespeare that the notion of being
“Green With Envy” really started to take shape.
• In Anthony and Cleopatra,
“Lepidus, since Pompey’s feast, as Menas says,
is troubled with the green sickness.” [The green
sickness, being envy]
• In Merchant of Venice,
“How all the other passions fleet to air,
As doubtful thoughts, and rash-embraced
despair,
And shuddering fear, and green-eyed jealousy!”
“Green with Envy”
ENVY OR JEALOUSY?
Othello, Act 3, Scene 3
Who steals my purse steals trash
Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy.
ENVY OR JEALOUSY?
ENVY OR JEALOUSY?
• Gilb defines the concept of pride positively by describing
various members of the community in El Paso, Texas. In
showing the attitude of different generations toward
work, family, and civic duty, he not only defines what it is
to take pride in one‘s community and role in it but also
reveals something about the people of El Paso, who are
primarily of Mexican heritage.
Pride - Dagoberto Gilb
Set in El Paso, Texas
• author‘s intention is to portray Mexican Americans as
people who take pride in their strong work and family
ethic and long-standing service to the country
Pride - Dagoberto Gilb
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
working hard at a job
scoring high on a video game
wearing pretty clothes
graduating high school
one‘s children‘s accomplishments
the land, one‘s culture and history and heritage,
the sacrifices of one‘s ancestors, contribution to one‘s
nation through military service
Examples of Pride
Pride - Dagoberto Gilb
• ―Pride is working a job like it‘s as important as art or
war….
• ―Pride is the fearless reaction to disrespect and
disregard.‖
Metaphors
• ―Pride hears gritty dirt blowing against an agave whose
stiff fertile stalk, so tall, will not bend
• ―Pride smells a sweet, musky drizzle of rain and eats
huevos con chile in corn tortillas heated on a cast-iron
pan – the love of heritage.‖
Personification
• Pass out “Grant Versus Lee” and Brainstorming Process
a Try
• In pairs, select Reader to read Grant versus Lee
• Recorder will complete the brainstorming chart:
Similarities and Differences
They were two strong men these oddly different generals,
and they represented the strengths of two conflicting
currents that, through them, had come into final collision.
Thesis of The Author
Similarities
• Both were two distinguished generals
• Both had passion for what they were fighting for
• Both were fearless and fought without reservation
• Both could inspire their soldiers to fight
• Both fought in the Mexican War
• Both went to West Point
How Were Lee and Grant Alike?
Lee
Grant
Aristocracy – old fashioned idea
grew up with and stood for a noble way of
life. He believed in tradition, and ersonified
that with English knights and country squires.
He believed in hierarchy and inequity
Democracy – hope and future of the
nation
believed that status was not just bestowed
upon a person, they had to earn it. Grant was
not just handed things early in his life. He
relied on no one, and cared not for the
traditions of the past. He stood for a more
democratic and competitive lifestyle
Supported inequality in social structure
believed that only wealthy
landowners could be leaders because they
had a stake in their community.
Supported equality
believed any man could become a
leader, provided he had the ability, skills, and
was able to assume the position
satisfied with the status quo, feared change
dissatisfied with the status quo, believed in
democracy and competition
was a middle-class man from humble
beginnings in the mountains
was an aristocrat from a family of
landowners
How Were Lee and Grant Different?
Peer Review of
Comparison/Contrast
Essays
75 Readings Plus and Study Guide
• Barbara Dafoe “Where Have All the Parents Gone”
• Phillip Meyer “If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a
Stranger Would You? Probably”
Homework