TCI Reading Notes
Chapter 16
16.2 The Government
of Imperial China
1.
2.
3.
People can overthrow an emperor when he rules
badly.
A bureaucracy is an organized group of
government officials. When the
bureaucracy became corrupt, people
suffered from high taxes, forced labor, and
attacks by bandits.
When the Han dynasty fell, China broke into
separate kingdoms. It was reunited by the Sui
dynasty.
16.3 Aristocracy:
The Tang Dynasty
Reproduction of Cell Used by
Students Taking the Imperial Exams
1.
2.
3.
Scholar-officials were scholars who
got government jobs through
examinations.
The examination was primarily
based on the teachings of
Confucius.
Only the wealthy could afford the
tutors, books, and time to study
needed to prepare for the exams.
Confucius
16.4 Meritocracy:
The Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty scholars
1.
2.
3.
Government officials who had studied Confucius
would be rational, moral, and able to
maintain order.
People from lower classes were allowed to
become government officials.
People wanted these jobs because government
officials were respected and were excused
from taxes and military service.
16.5 Government by
Foreigners: The Period
of Mongol Rule
Kublai Khan
1.
2.
He appointed relatives,
other Mongols, and
trusted foreigners.
Chinese scholars
worked only as
teachers and minor
government officials.
16.6 The Revival of the Civil
Service System
1.
2.
Hiring scholars emphasized moral behavior,
justice, kindness, loyalty to the emperor,
proper conduct, and the importance of
family. It insured that officials were trained
and talented, and it allowed the ambitious and
hard working from all classes the chance to
succeed.
People who knew science, mathematics, or
engineering were kept out of government.
Because Confucian scholars had little respect
for merchants, trade and business were not
encouraged.
TCI Reading Notes
Chapter 17
AGRICULTURE
COMMERCE
URBANIZATION
17.2 Changes in Agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cotton, sugar, tea, and mulberry trees were grown.
A new kind of fast growing, drought-resistant rice
was grown.
Rice plants began to be grown in seedbeds.
Rice was transplanted to paddies.
Rice growing took a lot of work done by many
people.
17.2 Changes in Agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
Improved plows and harrows were used.
Crops were grown on terraced hillsides.
Chain pumps were used for irrigation.
Water buffalos pulled plows.
17.2 Changes in Agriculture
Agriculture changed in China from the 10th through
the 13th centuries because
1.
2.
3.
4.
Farmers moved to the south, a good region for
growing rice.
A new type of rice was introduced.
An improved plow and harrow were developed.
Farmers fertilized their crops.
17.3 The Growth of Trade and
Commerce
1.
2.
Goods were moved along canals on barges.
Junks were used for trade with foreign cultures.
17.3 The Growth of Trade and
Commerce
3.
4.
5.
Peasants sold surplus crops, animals, and goods
they made at home.
Indigo, spices, silver, ivory, and coral were
imported.
Oxcarts and pack animals moved products along
roads.
17.3 The Growth of Trade and
Commerce
6.
7.
Small shops lined streets and bridges.
People used paper money and traded in
copper coins at deposit shops.
17.3 The Growth of Trade and
Commerce
Commerce developed in China from the 10th
through the 13th centuries because
1.
2.
3.
4.
There was a vast system of rivers and canals,
Improvements in navigation made long sea voyages easier,
Wealthy landowners demanded more goods
Paper currency helped trade.
17.4 Urbanization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Restaurants, wine, and teahouses provided food
and drink.
Vendors sold food from trays on their heads. Silk,
silver, fans, and other items were for sale.
Signs identified the many goods being sold.
There were theaters and outdoor entertainers.
Urban women had less status than the rural
women.
Chinese cities were the largest in the world.
Cities were crowded and exciting.
Many types of people live in the city.
17.4 Urbanization
Cities developed from the 10th through the
13th centuries in China
1.
2.
People came to the city to trade as commerce
increase.
Large landowners moved to cities because they
preferred the shops and social life there.