 In the exam, you may be asked to describe and evaluate a study other than Loftus &
Palmer’s
 Therefore, the Learning Outcomes for this session are that you will be able to:
 describe Charlton et al’s study (APRC)
 evaluate* the study (GRAVE)
 *make at least 2 positive and 2 negative evaluation points
 This relates to the AC in the spec, section 4a, page 44

 The Island of St. Helena is …
 One of the most isolated islands in the South
Atlantic Ocean
 2000km from mainland Africa
 Only accessible by boat
 A small, close-knit community where everyone knows each other
 And has approx. 5000 inhabitants (1000 children of school age)

The study …
 Background - before March 1995, the island of St Helena had no access to television
 Charlton and his colleagues began their study in 1993 (2 years before television was introduced to the island)
 This was a natural (field) experiment, where the independent variable (TV) was happening naturally and not manipulated by the experimenter

The study …
 Aim: to investigate the effects of television on children’s behaviour, particularly on pro-social and antisocial behaviour

 Pro-social behaviour is ...
 ... that which is intended to help others; it is characterized by a concern about the rights, feelings and welfare of other people
 Anti-social behaviour is ...
 ... behaviour which lacks consideration for others and may cause damage to the society, whether intentionally or through negligence

The study …
 Procedure:
 This was a cross-sectional design
 Researchers studied the playground behaviour of a random selection of schoolchildren (aged 3-8 years), from
2 of the island’s largest schools
 Video recorders were set up in the playgrounds of the schools four months prior to the introduction of television and once again five years later

The study …
 Procedure:
 The children’s free play during break times was recorded for a two-week period each time and researchers compared the findings to establish whether or not behaviour had changed as a result of television being introduced
 Playground behaviours were categorised as such:
 Pro-social – pro-social gestures/verbal comments; sharing, turn-taking and helping; displaying affection or consoling others; holding hands/arm-in-arm
 Anti-social – anti-social gestures/verbal comments; kicking, hitting, punching; seizing/damaging property; non-compliant holding/forcing

The study …
 Procedure:
 Independent researchers in the UK watched the video footage and tallied the number of times children/groups of children displayed these behaviours
 Two researchers watched the same video footage alone as many times as necessary and only agreed tallied behaviours were recorded in the results

The study …
 Results:
 Of 64 comparisons made between the behaviour of children at the start and the end of the study, only nine were statistically significant:
 Two showed decreases in anti-social behaviour amongst boys
 Five showed increases in pro-social behaviour
 Two showed decreases in pro-social behaviour in boys

The study …
 Results:
 Boys tended to display less hitting and pushing after television was introduced, but were also less willing to help and show affection
 Both boys and girls showed significant increases in prosocial behaviour overall

The study …
 Conclusion ...
 The introduction of television had no negative effect on children’s behaviour – in fact, quite the reverse!
 This finding shows longer-term effects and challenges the findings of most of the laboratory research into the effects of TV on children’s behaviour

Evaluation ...
 Strengths:
 The findings are high in ecological validity because the children were observed in their natural environment; video cameras were hidden, so the children would have played naturally
 Use of video recordings prevented researcher bias and observer fatigue; because the recordings were watched by two different researchers separately and agreed behaviours only were recorded, there was inter-rater reliability (this eliminates subjective interpretation of the behaviours)

Evaluation ...
 Limitations:
 The children’s viewing habits (types of programmes, hours of watching, etc.) were not analysed
*
, so it is difficult to assign any behaviour changes to the effects of watching TV
 The culture of parental control and close supervision on the island may have inhibited the children from imitating behaviour seen on the screen
 * Later research revealed that the types of programmes watched were different than those shown on the mainland; children’s programmes containing aggression were not broadcast