UNIT 3
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE I
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3.2
Nationalism
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La Marseillaise (1792)
Let us go, children of the fatherland
Our day of Glory has arrived.
Against us stands tyranny,
The bloody flag is raised,
The bloody flag is raised.
Do you hear in the countryside
The roar of these savage soldiers
They come right into our arms
To cut the throats of your sons,
your country.
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La Marseillaise
To arms, citizens!
Form up your battalions
Let us march, Let us march!
That their impure blood
Should water our fields
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La Marseillaise
Sacred love of the fatherland
Guide and support our vengeful arms.
Liberty, beloved liberty,
Fight with your defenders;
Fight with your defenders.
Under our flags, so that victory
Will rush to your manly strains;
That your dying enemies
Should see your triumph and glory
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La Marseillaise
To arms, citizens!
Form up your battalions
Let us march, Let us march!
That their impure blood
Should water our fields
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3:3
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon’s Early Career
 November, 1799, Napoleon
Bonaparte overthrew the
Directory in a coup d’etat.
 He was supported by the
Bourgeoisie, the Commercial
Classes, peasants, the Catholic
Church and the Royalists.
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Middle Class or Bourgeoisie
 They wanted equality of
opportunity and abolition of the
Three Estates system.
 They were given the Civil Code of
1804.
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Commercial Classes
 French Merchants were not
happy since there was no place
for their new concerns.
 Napoleon promised them The
Bank of France.
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Peasants
 This was the largest group but
had the least political voice.
 They gained both land and status
under Napoleon.
 Peasants also gained equality
under the law.
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The Catholic Church and
Royalists
 The Concordat gave the Church
protection.
 Napoleon’s Civil Code granted
freedom of religion.
 Napoleon granted amnesty to
100 000 émigrés who had left
France under the Convention.
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3.4
Napoleon the Military General
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Napoleon’s Military Strategy
 Swift marches.
 No reliance on fortresses.
 Wait for a time when the enemy
divides to engage in combat.
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Napoleon’s Military Strategy
 Confront the line too far from
reinforcements.
 Use mountains and rivers.
 Seize elevations for artillery.
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3.7
Napoleon’s Foreign Policies
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Major Foreign Policy
Achievements
 Napoleon wanted a Continental
System with Paris as the “capital of
the world.”
 The Italian Campaign (1796-97).
 The Egyptian Campaign (1798-1801).
 1801, Napoleon defeated Austria and
acquired Italian and German
territories.
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Major Foreign Policy
Achievements
 1805, Austria and Prussia were
defeated at the Battle of
Austerlitz.
 1806, Napoleon established
control of western Germany
 1807, Napoleon redrew the map
of Europe in the Treaties of Tilsit.
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3.8
Napoleonic Code
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Key Concepts
 Freedom of speech, worship and
enterprise.
 Equality of all before the law.
 No recognition of privileges of
birth.
 Right of all to public trial by jury.
 Separation of church and state.
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Strengths and Weaknesses
 It preserved the social aims of the
Revolution.
 It protected the interests of the
rising middle class.
 It guaranteed civil liberties.
 Women could not vote.
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Strengths and Weaknesses
 In disputes over wages, the word
of the employer wins.
 Slavery was restored in the
French colonies.
 Working men’s associations
remained banned.
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3.10
Domestic Policies
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Structural Changes
 France was divided into
prefectures.
 Each prefect was appointed by
Napoleon and had a complete
delegation of power.
 Prefects received instructions
directly from Paris.
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Politics in Napoleonic France
 Law of Hostages was repealed.
 Revolutionaries were recalled to
France.
 Every institution was subservient
to the army.
 In foreign lands he ended
feudalism and brought his Code.
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Economics in Napoleonic France
 In 1800 The Bank of France was
created.
 Agriculture received protective
tariffs, reliable financing and wellmaintained transport.
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Economics in Napoleonic France
 Public Works: Inland navigation,
bridges, roads and museums.
 Sidewalks, house numbers, water
supply, sewers, a fire department,
new markets and slaugher houses
were established.
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Religion Under Napoleon
 Christian Churches were
reopened for worship.
 In 1810 the Concordat with the
Catholic Church was signed.
 There was better treatment of
Jews.
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Social Changes Under Napoleon
 Penal Code of 1810.
 Primary school in every
commune.
 Lycees (high schools) were
established in every important
town.
 University of France.
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Social Changes
 Education under Napoleon
became the business of the state.
 The Conscription Law of 1798.
 Secret Police.
 Public welfare was more
centralized.
 Health Care was greatly
improved.
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Industry in Napoleonic France
 Protective tariffs.
 The Continental Blockade.
 Loans on easy terms.
 New markets were opened as
Napoleon’s empire expanded.
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The Arts
 Napoleon brought art from Egypt.
 Paris became the cultural centre of
Europe.
 Looting made the Louvre a world art
centre.
 Built the Arc de Triomphe, the façade
of the Chamber of Deputies, the
courtyard and Rivoili wing of the
Louvre.
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Impact of Napoleon
 Liberalism and Nationalism were
stimulated throughout Europe.
 Empire helps German and Italian
unification.
 Feudalism and serfdom were ended in
the countries he conquered.
 Napoleonic Code entered other
nations.
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3.11
The Congress of Vienna
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Major Players at Vienna
 Talleyrand slowed down proceedings
and won France international
acceptance.
 Hardenburg looked for a Prussian
dominated peace.
 Castlereagh hoped each power,
having obtained what was ‘essential
to its own security’ would settle into
peace.
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Major Players
 Castlereagh became the arbiter of
disputes over land and other
issues.
 Alexander I believed Russia had
destroyed Napoleon.
 Metternich believed in stability
and the common interests of
Europe.
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Main Concerns
 Balance of power, containment of
France and maintenance of
peace.
 Great Powers also attempted to
satisfy their own national
interests.
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Key Components of the
Settlement
 Louis XVIII is returned to the throne.
 The Allies did not impose damaging
reparations on France.
 France was forced back to her 1792
borders.
 Legitimate rulers were restored to
power.
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Key Components of the
Settlement
 Germanic Federation was created.
 Nations which contributed to
Napoleon’s defeat gained territory.
 The Balance of Power.
 The Quadruple Alliance was formed.
 The Congress did not address the
issue of nationalism.
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Pros and Cons of Vienna
 Peacemakers refrained from
punishing France.
 The African slave was liberated.
 The balance of power made it
difficult for one nation to
dominate.
 Peace existed in Europe until the
Crimean War in 1853.
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Pros and Cons of Vienna
 There was no League of Nations
type structure.
 Nothing was done regarding
disarmament.
 Nationalism was disregarded.
 The interests of kings took
precedence over the people.
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