Industrialization:
The New Global Age
Life in the Industrial Age
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Growth of Western Democracies
The New Imperialism
New Global Patterns
Overall ideas: Events causing change
 Diversity:
Rulers strengthened their nations by incorporating
surrounding states and colonies. Conflicts arose as new subjects, often
of different ethnic backgrounds, demanded independence. Women
struggled to end restrictions on their lives and gain recognition of their
rights.
 Economics and Technology:
Developing factory systems,
improved transportation and communication, and scientific advances
contributed to overseas expansion by European powers. Industrialized
nations grew wealthy, often at the expense of colonies.
 Impact of the Individual:
Nationalist leaders in Italy and
Germany used warfare and political alliances to forge new nations out of
fragmented provinces.
 Political and Social Systems:
In the 1800’s, as the middle
class grew, democratic rights were extended in Britain, France and the
US. Urbanization and the impact of industrialization led to major changed
in social values.
The Industrial Revolution
Spreads
 What industrial powers emerged in the 1800’s?
 What impact did new technology have on
industry, transportation, and communication?
 How did natural resources and capital drive the
industrial revolution/creation of big business?
 How did the need for large amounts of capital
lead to new business methods?
 How did big business emerge in the late
1800’s?
Technology and Industry
 Steel
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Bessemer Process purified iron and created STEEL
Steel was lighter, harder, and stronger than iron
Steel could be produced and transported far more cheaply than iron
Countries with the ability to mass produce steel led the way
 Chemicals
 Chemicals created thousands of new products
 Newly developed chemical fertilizers increased food production
 Albert Nobel invented dynamite, used for construction and warfare
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Electricity
 A new source of power, electricity replaced steam as main power source
 Electric motors/machines that produce electricity revolutionized power
 The electric light changed how life was lived, no longer by the sun
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New Methods of Production
 Factories used larger number of workers and power driven machines to mass
produce goods
 Interchangeable parts simplified assembly and repair.
 The assembly line used this power to speed production
New Industrial Powers
 New Pacesetters
 Early in the Industrial Revolution,
BRITAIN stood alone as the giant
 Britain introduced strict protections to
keep that advantage
 Soon, other nations joined in the Industrial
Revolution
 France, Germany and the US had greater
natural resources (coal, iron, etc)
 Other nations used ideas created by
Britain to advance their economies
 Germany will pass Britain in Europe and
American will dominate as well
New Industrial Powers
 Uneven Development
 Other nations developed more slowly
 Often lacked natural resources or capital to
invest
 Russia had resources and capital but social and
political conditions slowed its development
 Japan did develop, even though it lacked
resources
 Canada, Australia and New Zealand also
developed later
New Industrial Powers
 Impact
 Social changes followed the economic changes
 Men, women and children worked long hours in
difficult conditions
 Factory System created huge quantities of goods
at lower prices
 Workers could now afford things only the wealthy
had been able to buy before
 Huge demand for good drove the industrial
revolution, created jobs, growth of cities and
changed politics as well
 Industrialized nations competed fiercely globally,
changing the patterns of trade
Technology Speeds
Transportation and
Communications
 Transportation and Communications were
transformed by technology
 Steamships & Railroads connected ports and cities, mining
regions to industrial regions
 In the US – the transcontinental railroad connected the east and
west coasts
 In Russia – the Trans-Siberian railroad will connect the east and
the west
 Tunnels and bridges connect parts of the world separated by
geography
 Automobile
 German inventors, N. Otto and K Benz created the first
automobiles
 Transportation quickly transformed
 As vehicles became affordable, society changes as well
Technology Speeds
Transportation and
Communications
 Conquest by Air
 Human flight was realized when the Wright brothers first
flew in 1903
 Quickly, planes were seen in the skies over Europe and
America
 Passenger travel won’t come until the 1920’s
 Rapid Communications
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Sam Morse invented the telegraph (messages over a wire)
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio
All three fundamentally changed how people
communicated in their day
New Directions for Business
 New technologies required huge investments of
money.
 Owners sold “STOCK” or shares of their companies
to investors
 Stocks are partial ownership of a company
 Owners received HUGE amounts of capital in exchange for
giving up partial ownership
 Owners able to build up their companies to much larger size
 Rise of Big Business
 Big Business soon dominated industry.
 Giant corporations formed to raise huge capital
 Corporations, with money, could expand into other areas
New Directions for Business
 Move Toward Monopolies
 Big Corporations created monopolies, trusts and
cartels to dominate
 Krupp in Germany’s steel, Rockefeller in
US/World oil
 Pursuit of profit led ruthless tactics to eliminate
competition
 Controlled entire market, controlled the price of
goods (set high)
New Directions for Business
 Move Toward Regulation
 Rise of big business and the great wealth it
created led to much resentment
 “Captains of Industry” vs. “Robber Barons”
 Did they use their profits for the Common Good or only for
themselves
 Some governments moved to place rules to guard
against monopolies
 Tried to pass laws that would protect consumers and workers
 In other government, business leaders blocked
attempts to control them
 Big Business “controlled” much of the government and could
stop laws meant to place limits on them
Looking Ahead
 By the late 1800’s, European and American
corporations were setting up factories,
refineries and other production facilities around
the world.
 Banks were involved in this global economy as
well. They invested vast sums of money in
large undertakings
 As money flowed into undeveloped areas,
western governments became increasingly
involved in these areas
Quick Review
 Pair and Share: Tell a person beside you 3
technological advancements of this time.
Pick the one you believe was the most
important and say why
 What 2 things did the US, England and
Germany have that made it possible for them
to lead the way in the Industrial Revolution?
Which of those are most important and why?
The World of Cities
 What was the impact of medical
advances in the late 1800’s?
 How had cities changed by 1900?
 How did working-class struggles lead to
improved conditions for workers?
Medicine and Population
 Population in Europe doubled between 1800 and 1900
 Due to decrease in death rate
 People ate better (better farming methods and distribution)
 Medical advances and improvements in public sanitation helped too
 Fight against disease
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Louis Pasteur (French) clearly showed link between microbes and disease
Pasteur also developed vaccines and pasteurized milk
Robert Koch (Germany) ID’d tuberculosis and a search for a cure began
As people understood how germs caused diseases, they began to bath and
change their clothes more often
 Anesthesia first used to relieve pain during surgery
 Florence Nightingale (British) insisted on better hygiene in hospitals
 Joseph Lister (British) discovered how antiseptics prevented infections
Medicine and Population
 Life in the Cities
 City Planning: Parks, avenues and such were incorporated into
cityscapes
 Urban Renewal: rebuilding of poor areas took place
 Settlement shifted to suburbs
 Paved roads and sidewalks are built
 Sewer systems introduced (cuts death rates dramatically)
 Urban life remains grim for the poor (slums, tenements)
 Cities drew rich and poor alike: jobs, factories
 Services, entertainment grew to meet the demands of the
increased population
Working-Class Struggles
Working-Class Struggles
• Workers protested poor working/living conditions
• Mutual Aid Societies: aid to sick or injured workers
• By late 1800’s, most western countries granted all men the
right to vote
• Unions won the right to organize and bargain
• Governments began passing laws to regulate working
conditions
• Child labor laws, work hour laws, improved safety
• Old age pensions, disability insurance
• The standard of living increased for most workers
Still the gap between the rich and poor
remained HUGE
Child Labor
Children had to work
Businesses used their
small, quick abilities
Little regard to their
safety was taken
Student Assignment
 Chapter Reading: read p. 253-259
 Create an information chart (minimum of 3 details per area)
 A New Social Order
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Middle Class Values
Rights for Women
Growth of Public Education
New Directions in Science
Darwin Challenge
Religion in an Urban Age
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Changing Attitudes and
Values
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What values shaped the new social order?
How did women and educators seek change?
How did science challenge existing beliefs?
What role did religion play in urban society?
A New Social Order
 The Industrial Revolution introduced a new social
order in the western world. New upper class based
on money not only nobility
 Wealth measured by money not only land
 Nobles needed money to finance their businesses, the new
wealthy had the money to invest
 Next came the business people (doctors, lawyers, scientists)
 Then came the lower middle class (teachers, office workers,
shopkeepers)
Middle Class Values
 Middle Class Values
Strict set of ‘rules’ for behavior (adult and children)
Dresses respectably
Lived in homes, apartments
Even a small middle class home was expected to have a cook and
housemaid
 Courtship and Marriage: families had large say in who you married
 Idea of marrying for “love” just beginning to be acceptable
 Most women considered the practical side of choosing a mate
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 Courting (called on, chaperoned)
 Providing (had to convince father that he could provide for daughter)
 The Ideal Home: Husband worked, provided for home
 Wife raised the children and ran the home, doing charity work
 Literature of the day pushed the “cult of domesticity” that idealized this
 Reality: Lower class families often the women worked to help
provide
 Despite working for low wages, they were expected to still raise the children
and run the home
Middle Class Values
 Rights for Women
 Laws restricted women from many things
 Groups protested limits on women and pushed for fairness for
women in marriage, divorce and property laws
 Temperance Movement: campaign to limit or ban alcohol because
it was seen as a threat to the family
 In Europe and America, women could not vote so had no real
power to make changes
 By late 1800’s, women had broken barriers in many colleges to
become professional
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton: a leader in early civil rights protests
 Women’s Suffrage: the right to vote (political rights) supported by
some, but much opposition faced
 Women needed to be “protected” from the dirty business of
politics
 Women’s place is in the home not the government
 Women made some advancement in western nations
Growth of Public
Education
In the late 1800’s, there was pressure on some governments to set up
public schools and require basic education for all children (3R’s).
The need for a literate workforce was increasing
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Public Education:
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Elementary Schools were primitive at first.
Teachers had minimal education
Rural schools – one room school houses or not during harvest
Secondary schools began to emerge. Students learned languages, history and math
Only middle class families could afford to have their sons stay in school
Girls were sent to “finishing schools” to train to be better wives and mothers
Higher Education
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Colleges expanded in this era
Sons of middle and upper class families mostly
Sciences were new courses of study to meet the need of industry
Colleges for Women and African Americans teach to get jobs in fields they could find
jobs
New Directions in Science
 Atomic Theory
 John Dalton (English) developed the modern atomic theory that
atoms combined to make all matter
 Dmitri Mendeleyev (Russian) drew up periodic table
 Age of the Earth
 Charles Lyell showed evidence earth had formed over billions of
years and life did not emerge until long after the earth was formed
 Neanderthal man: skeleton of prehistoric man found in 1856
 Despite many wrong early conclusions, new ideas about early
human life emerged
The Darwin Challenge
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Charles Darwin (British – 1859) wrote “The Origin of Species” that argued all forms
of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years.
Theory of Natural Selection: Most species produced more offspring than there
was food to support. Only the best would survive (Natural Selection) “survival of
the fittest”
Darwin believed man was an example of this selection, that we descended from
less highly organized form of life. All species, including humans, were still
evolving.
Darwin’s Theory received much heated debate. Religions quickly attacked the
theory, especially the Christian religions.
Social Darwinism: Many in this era believed Darwin’s Theory applied to humans
too. That economics were part of this. The more “fit” would rise to the top. The
lesser “fit” would wither and die. Wars brought this to nation status. The more “fit”
would win wars. The less “fit” would lose and cease to be. Victory (economic or
military) seen as proof of superiority.
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Racism was encouraged through Darwinism. The idea that one was better than another.
European and American civilization believed their dominance was due to the “supremacy
of the white race”
These ideas will be used to justify global expansion/imperialism as well as racial
discrimination and segregation
Religion in the Urban Age
 Religion continued to be a major force in western society
 Churches (Christian, Jewish) remain the center of communities
 Religious leaders had influence politically, socially and
educationally
 Churches led the way in providing charity to the poor
 Churches set up schools, hospitals, etc in urban areas
 European churches pushed the Social Gospel Movement which
called members to serve in social service areas
 They campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education
 The Salvation Army spread both Christian teachings and provided
social services
A New Culture
 What themes shaped romantic art,
literature and music?
 How did realists respond to the
industrialized, urban world?
 How did the visual arts change?
Romanticism
(glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audiences)
 The Romantic Hero
 Writers of this era created a mysterious, tragic hero who did not fit into the
norm of society
 Lord Byron
 Goethe
 Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”
 Romance and the Past
 Sir Walter Scott combined history, legend and folklore
 Dumas’ The Three Musketeers recreated France’s past glories
 Music
 Beethoven combined classical with stirring ranges of sound
 Beethoven produced dozens of pieces using many instruments
 Other composers used music to glorify their nation’s pasts (Chopin)
 Romanticism in Art
 Painters broke free and tried to portray the beauty and power of nature
 Showed everything in bright vibrant colors to evoke emotional response
The Call to Realism
(Realism is an attempt to represent the world as it really was)
 The Novel
 Dickens: vividly portrayed life in the slums of London and Paris (Oliver Twist)
 Hugo: showed how hunger drove a man to crime (Les Miserables)
 Zola: exposed class warfare in French mining (Germinal)
 Drama
 Ibsen: a woman caught in the day’s social rules (A Doll’s House)
 Ibsen: water in the local spa is polluted. Struggle of right vs. money (An
Enemy of the People)
 Realism in Art
 Artists of the day focused on normal everyday people and the conditions they
lived in.
New Direction in the
Visual Arts
 The Impressionists
 Monet and Degas used bold strokes of colors. They
believed the eye would blend the image
 By concentrating on visual impressions rather than realism,
a fresh view of familiar subjects was found
 The Postimpressionists
 Seurat (small points of color)
 van Gogh (sharp lines and bright colors)
 Gauguin (primitive folk art of Tahiti)
Chapter Review
 P.264 #11-16
 Answer the questions on the back of the
“A New Culture” handout
 You may work together but each needs
to turn in the assignment
Review
 Vocabulary: (matching: some or all will be used)
Assembly Line
Cartel
Corporation
Cult of Domesticity
Realism
Romanticism
Social Gospel
Standard of Living
Temperance Movement
Urban Renewal
 Essays: (Do 2 of the 3 essays)
1) How did the lives of women change as a result of the
Industrial Revolution? How about for children?
2) Name 3 technologies that made the Industrial Revolution
possible and explain HOW these technologies changed
things.
3) How businesses were owned and operated changed
during the Industrial Revolution. Explain this change.