CHAPTER 10: AMERICA CLAIMS
AN EMPIRE
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CHAPTER 10.1: IMPERIALISM &
AMERICA
CHAPTER 10.2: THE SPANISHAMERICAN WAR
CHAPTER 10.3: ACQUIRING NEW
LANDS
CHAPTER 10.4: AMERICA AS A WORLD
POWER
CHAPTER 10.1: IMPERIALISM &
AMERICA
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THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW
BEGINNING IN 1867 GLOBAL
COMPETITION CAUSED THE U.S. TO
EXPAND.
AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM
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AMERICA FOLLOWS EUROPEAN
POWERS’ POLICY OF IMPERIALISM
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STRONGER NATIONS EXTEND CONTROL
OVER WEAKER TERRITORIES
EUROPEANS CONTROLLED AFRICA & WERE
MOVING ON ASIA
AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM CONT.
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3 FACTORS FUELING IMPERIALISM
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MILITARY STRENGTH
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NEW MARKETS
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ADMIRAL MAHAN-U.S. MUST BUILD-UP NAVY TO
COMPETE WITH WORLD POWERS, BECAME 3RD
LARGEST
U.S. PRODUCED MORE FOOD & GOODS THAN NEEDED
HERE, BUT NEEDED MARKETS TO SELL GOODS &
MORE RAW MATERIALS
BELIEF IN CULTURAL SUPERIORITY
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MANY IN U.S. BELIEVED IT WAS AMERICANS’ JOB TO
SPREAD CIVILIZATION & CHRISTIANITY
THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA
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1867 SEC. OF STATE W. SEWARD BUYS
ALASKA FOR $7.2 MILLION FROM
RUSSIANS
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DOUBTERS CALLED IT “SEWARD’S FOLLY”
OR “SEWARD’S ICE BOX”
.02 CENTS AN ACRE
NEW SOURCE OF TIMBER, MINERALS & OIL
1959 ALASKA BECOMES 49TH STATE
THE U.S. TAKES HAWAII
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1867 U.S. TAKES MIDWAY ISLANDS IN PACIFIC OCEAN
HAWAII HELD STRATEGIC PACIFIC CROSSING
LOCATION
AMERICANS OWNED SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON
ISLANDS
1887 U.S. BUILT NAVAL BASE AT PEARL HARBOR
G. CLEVELAND RECOGNIZED REPUBLIC OF HAWAII
W. McKINLEY FAVORED ANNEXATION OF HAWAII
U.S. SENDS MARINES TO OVERTHROW QUEEN ,
CONGRESS PROCLAIMS HAWAII A TERRITORY TO
PROTECT WEALTHY AMERICAN SUGAR OWNERS
 BECAME 50TH STATE IN 1959
CHAPTER 10.2: THE SPANISHAMERICAN WAR
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THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW IN 1898
THE U.S. WENT TO WAR WITH SPAIN
TO HELP CUBA GAIN INDEPENDENCE.
CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAIN
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CUBA ONLY 90 MILES FROM SOUTH
FLORIDA
U.S. HAD HEAVY INVESTMENTS IN
CUBAN SUGAR CANE PLANTATIONS
1895 CUBA’S SECOND REVOLUTION
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EXILES LED BY JOSE MARTI REVOLTED
ATTACKED AMERICAN OWNED PROPERTY
WANTED TO PROVOKE U.S. TO HELP
WAR FEVER ERUPTS
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AMERICANS DIVIDED
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SUPPORT SPAIN FOR ECONOMIC GAIN
SUPPORT CUBANS FOR FREEDOM &
INDEPENDENCE, “CUBA LIBRE!”
YELLOW JOURNALISM BEGINS
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HEARST & PULITZER PRINT EXAGGERATED
ACCOUNTS OF CUBAN REVOLT TO SELL PAPERS
HEARST TELLS ARTIST F. REMINGTON “YOU
FURNISH THE PICTURES & I’LL FURNISH THE WAR.”
WAR FEVER ERUPTS
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DE LOME LETTER
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SPANISH MINISTER’S LETTER STOLEN BY A
CUBAN REBEL
CRITICIZED PRES. MCKINLEY, CALLED HIM
WEAK
ATTACK ON U.S. PRESIDENT ANGERED
AMERICANS
WAR FEVER ERUPTS
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THE U.S.S. MAINE
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2/15/1898 EXPLODES IN HAVANA HARBOR
268 U.S. SAILORS KILLED
SPAIN BLAMED FOR THE ATTACK
“REMEMBER THE MAINE, TO HELL WITH
SPAIN”
WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS
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4/20/1898 U.S. DECLARES WAR ON SPAIN
“REMEMBER THE MAINE” BECOMES WAR
SLOGAN
U.S. LAUNCHES SURPRISE ATTACK ON
SPANISH CONTROLLED PHILIPPINES
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COMMODORE DEWEY DESTROYS SPANISH FLEET
IN HOURS
BY AUGUST U.S. & FILIPINO REBELS DEFEAT SPAIN
WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS
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JUNE 1898 U.S. TROOPS LAND IN CUBA
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17,000 AMERICANS
TR & ROUGH RIDERS
U.S. WINS BATTLES OF SAN JUAN HILL &
KETTLE HILL, TR DECLARED A NATIONAL
HERO
JULY 25, 1898 U.S. INVADES PUERTO RICO
WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS
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TREATY OF PARIS 8/12/1898
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ENDS WAR WITH SPAIN
SEC. OF STATE JOHN HAY SAYS “A
SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
SPAIN FREES CUBA
U.S. GOT GUAM, PUERTO RICO & BOUGHT
PHILIPPINES FOR $20 MILLION
WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS
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DEBATE OVER U.S. IMPERIALISM
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PRES. MCKINLEY FOR IMPERIALISM
B.T. WASHINGTON, ANDREW CARNEGIE &
SAM GOMPERS AGAINST IMPERIALISM
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POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & MORAL REASONS
AGAINST THE TAKING OF COUNTRIES
CHAPTER 10.3: ACQUIRING NEW
LANDS
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THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW, IN THE
EARLY 1900s, THE U.S. ENGAGED IN
CONFLICTS IN PUERTO RICO, CUBA &
THE PHILIPPINES.
RULING PUERTO RICO
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U.S. OCCUPIES PR DURING WAR WITH SPAIN
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PR UNDER U.S. MILITARY CONTROL
STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT FOR U.S. PRESENCE
IN CARIBBEAN
1900 FORAKER ACT
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ENDED MILITARY RULE, SET-UP CIVILIAN GOV’T
U.S. PRES. APPOINTS PR GOVERNOR
1917 PRs GRANTED U.S. CITIZENSHIP
PR IS A U.S. TERRITORY AND HAS REFUSED
STATEHOOD SEVERAL TIMES
CUBA & THE U.S.
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U.S. TROOPS OCCUPY CUBA AT END OF SPANISHAMERICAN WAR
U.S. MILITARY PROVIDES AID TO CUBA
1900 CUBA WRITES ITS’ OWN CONSTITUTION
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1901 U.S. FORCES CUBA TO ADD PLATT AMENDMENT,
MADE CUBA A U.S. PROTECTORATE
U.S. WOULD CONTROL SOME ASPECTS OF CUBAN GOV’T
U.S. COULD BUY/LEASE LAND FOR NAVAL BASE
(GUANTANOMO BAY)
U.S. WANTED TO PROTECT BUSINESS INTERESTS IN
CUBA, CARNEGIE WAS AGAINST COLONIZING NATIONS
FILIPINOS REBEL
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FILIPINOS OUTRAGED OVER U.S.
ANNEXATION (TAKE OVER)
THE PHILIPPINES WERE A STRATEGIC
GATEWAY TO ASIAN COUNTRIES
INCLUDING CHINA
AGUINALDO (FILIPINO REBEL) VOWS
TO FIGHT AMERICA FOR
INDEPENDENCE
FILIPINOS REBEL
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2/1899 PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR BEGINS
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FILIPINOS USE GUERRILLA TACTICS
U.S. CRACKS DOWN ON CIVILIANS
3 YEAR WAR-COST $400 MILLION
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20,000 FILIPINOS KILLED
4,000 AMERICANS KILLED
U.S. WINS, SETS-UP NEW GOV’T
PHILIPPINES BECOMES INDEPENDENT 7/4/1946
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
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EUROPEAN POWERS ALREADY IN CHINA;
FRANCE, GERMANY & BRITAIN, JAPAN ALSO
MOVING INTO CHINA
U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY
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SEC. STATE JOHN HAY FEARED CHINA WAS BEING
CARVED INTO COLONIES
WRITES LETTERS TO FOREIGN POWERS “OPEN
DOOR NOTES”
ASKED IF OTHER POWERS WOULD SHARE TRADING
RIGHTS WITH U.S.
NO NATION WOULD HAVE MONOPOLY IN CHINA
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
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3 BELIEFS OF OPEN DOOR POLICY &
AMERICA’S INDUSTRIAL CAPITALIST
ECONOMY:
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U.S. ECONOMIC GROWTH DEPENDED ON
EXPORTS
U.S. HAD THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE
OVERSEAS TO PROTECT MARKETS
CLOSING ANY AREA OF THE WORLD TO
AMERICA THREATENED OUR SURVIVAL
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
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THE BOXER REBELLION
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BOXERS-(MARTIAL ARTS SOCIETY) VOWED
TO RID CHINA OF “FOREIGN DEVILS”
1900 REBELLION BEGINS
IN 2 MONTHS BOXERS KILL HUNDREDS OF
FOREIGNERS & MISSIONARIES
TROOPS FROM BRITAIN, FRANCE,
GERMANY, JAPAN & U.S. PUT DOWN
REBELLION
THE IMPACT OF U.S.
TERRITORIAL GAINS
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1900 MCKINLEY WINS REELECTION
SUPPORTING IMPERIALISM
MOST AMERICANS SUPPORTED U.S.
IMPERIALISM
ANTI-IMPERIALISTS BELIEVED U.S. SHOULD
NOT RULE OTHER PEOPLE WITHOUT THEIR
CONSENT
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W.J. BRYAN, GROVER CLEVELAND, ANDREW
CARNEGIE, JANE ADDAMS & MARK TWAIN
CHAPTER 10.4: AMERICA AS A
WORLD POWER
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THIS SECTION IS ABOUT HOW
AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, THE BUILDING
OF THE PANAMA CANAL &
INTERVENTION INTO CENTRAL & LATIN
AMERICA ADDED TO AMERICA’S
POWER.
T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD
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TR BECOMES PRES. IN 1901
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RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904
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JAPAN & RUSSIA FIGHTING OVER KOREA
JAPAN SECRETLY ASKS TR TO MEDIATE
PEACE TALKS
TR WINS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR ENDING
WAR
T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD
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TR BELIEVED U.S. NEEDED A CANAL
ACROSS CENTRAL AMERICA
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1903 U.S. BUYS CANAL RIGHTS FROM
FRENCH CO.
U.S. HELPS PANAMA GAIN INDEPENDENCE
FROM COLOMBIA
U.S. & PANAMA SIGN TREATY TO SELL/RENT
LAND AS PART OF “CANAL ZONE”
T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD
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THE PANAMA CANAL
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1904 CONSTRUCTION BEGINS
1914 CANAL OPENS
OVER 43,000 WORKERS
5,600 DIED DURING CONSTRUCTION
$380 MILLION TO BUILD
FASTER TRAVEL BETWEEN ATLANTIC & PACIFIC
OCEANS
51 MILES LONG, USES LOCKS FOR DIFFERING
OCEAN LEVELS
T. ROOSEVELT & THE WORLD
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TR WANTS U.S. TO BE DOMINANT FOREIGN
INFLUENCE IN CARIBBEAN & CENTRAL
AMERICA
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1823 MONROE DOCTRINE, PRES. MONROE WARNS
EUROPEAN POWERS TO STAY OUT OF LATIN
AMERICA
TR’S POLICY “SPEAK SOFTLY & CARRY A BIG STICK”
1904 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY-U.S. WOULD USE
FORCE TO PROTECT INTERESTS IN LATIN AMERICA
& WESTERN HEMISPHERE
TAFT CONTINUED WITH “DOLLAR DIPLOMACY” USE
GOV’T LOANS & BANKS TO SUPPORT STRUGGLING
NATIONS
WOODROW WILSON’S
MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
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WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
ADDED MORAL TONE TO MONROE
DOCTRINE
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U.S. HAD MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TO NOT
RECOGNIZE OPPRESSIVE, UNDEMOCRATIC
OR HOSTILE LATIN AMERICAN
GOVERNMENTS
WILSON PRESSURED WESTERN GOV’Ts TO
BECOME DEMOCRACIES OR LOSE U.S.
SUPPORT
WOODROW WILSON’S
MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
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MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911
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U.S. BACKED MILITARY LEADER WHO WAS
OVERTHROWN BY PEASANTS & WORKERS
1913 GENERAL HUERTA SEIZES GOV’T, WILSON
REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE “A GOV’T OF BUTCHERS”
1914 U.S. INTERVENES IN MEXICO AFTER ARREST
OF U.S. SAILORS
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MARINES ORDERED TO VERACRUZ
18 AMERICANS KILLED IN INVASION
U.S. & MEXICO NEARLY GO TO WAR
WOODROW WILSON’S
MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
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REBELLION IN MEXICO
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REBEL LEADERS PANCHO VILLA (ROBIN
HOOD FIGURE)& EMILIANO ZAPATA OPPOSE
NEW AMERICAN BACKED GOV’T
VILLA THREATENS TO ATTACK U.S. FOR
SUPPORTING NEW GOV’T
VILLA’S MEN KILL OVER 20 AMERICANS
WORKING IN MEXICO
WOODROW WILSON’S
MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
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THE HUNT FOR VILLA
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WILSON ORDERS JOHN J. PERSHING & 15,000
TROOPS TO MEXICO TO CAPTURE VILLA “DEAD OR
ALIVE”
1916 MEXICAN MILITARY ORDERED TO ATTACK U.S.
ARMY IN MEXICO
1917 WILSON ORDERS PERSHING BACK TO U.S.
AFTER 1 YEAR, U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN WWI SET TO
BEGIN
VILLA LATER ASSASSINATED IN 1923