Imperialism = a policy of conquering and ruling other lands

Imperialism = a policy of conquering and ruling other lands

Imperialism - 5 Reasons
1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
• Search for new markets and raw materials
• Commodity – anything bought or sold, an article of commerce

1. Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
- Entrepreneurs wanted to sell their goods and invest in foreign markets

2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  military historian and Naval Officer who transformed America into a Naval Power. He wrote The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinism/Nationalism
 " White Man's Burden ": racist patronizing that preached that the
“superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world -
Poem by Rudyard Kipling
Social Darwinism
- Certain races and nations are superior to others!

4. Religious/Missionary Interests
Missionary work: far more successful in Africa than in
Asia and Islamic world.
American
Missionaries in China, 1905

5. Closing the American Frontier
Frederick
Jackson Turner
– American historian who claimed the frontier “closed”.
• Caused
America to fear a lack of resources

Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
The Japanese View of Commodore
Perry

• Secretary of State William
Seward purchased Alaska from the Russians for the
U.S.
• Americans thought Alaska was a frozen tundra with no resources.
• $7.2 million
• Almost doubled America

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
• During outbreak of war
Annexation – 1898 -
Congress declared Hawaii an official U.S. territory.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgYdlFI1NM8

American war with
Spain over economic interest and control of trade with Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines.
“A Splendid Little War” John Hay,
Secretary of State, 1898

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

What ?
•USS Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba
Harbor,
•Most Americans believe it was Spain’s fault
•1976 US Navy analyzed the sunken ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not
IN
How did it lead to war ?
•“Spark” that started the war
•“Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!”
24

25
• Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?
2/17/1898 New York World

26
• Who?
•Spain vs. America
Where?
•Phillipines, Cuba (Spain’s Colonies)
Cuba
Philippines

• Help give freedom to
Spain’s colonies!
27

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

What ?
• Civilians were forced into government run camps (with bad conditions)
Why ?
• Spain was fighting a guerilla war and needed to separate “good” from “bad guys”
• Jose Marti – Cuban patriot who launched a war for independence from Spain
How did it lead to war ?
• Made Spain look bad in American eyes
29

“Reconcentration” Policy

31
What ?
• Many of Cuba’s sugar plantations were owned by Americans
Why ?
• Protecting their economic interests
How did it lead to war ?
•Made Americans more likely to help out
Cuba

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

What ?
•
Goal: Newspaper created highly exaggerated stories/propaganda
• Jingoism – aggressive nationalism of Americans
Why ?
• Goal - Make more $ if they keep you(reader) scared and interested
How did it lead to war ?
• Newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and
William Randolph Hearst heightened the public’s dislike of the Spanish government.

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• Fear gripped the Nation
• McKinley – 1989 – asked congress for authority to use force again Spain to protect
Cuba
• Congress passed 4 resolutions – Declaring
War!
• Teller Amendment – 4 th resolution that stipulated that the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba.

Dewey Captures Manila!

The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”

• What Happened at
Manila Bay?
• Surprise naval attack sunk the crumbling Spanish
Navy
• Made
Americans feel very superior
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L eader of the Filipino
Uprising.
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence

Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the
McKinley administration.
Imperialist and
American nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

• Who were the Rough Riders? Who was their leader?
•Teddy Roosevelt resigns as Assistant
Secretary of the Navy to lead a volunteer
“Cowboy Calvary”
• Brought his own photographer
•Teddy’s popularity from this leads to his becoming
Vice President under
McKinley
41

• What famous Battle did they participate in?
• San Juan
Hill
• African Americans also helped but get no credit (page 260)
42

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the
Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the
Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

The Imperialist Tailor
President McKinley stated
“take them all , and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize…them”
Was McKinley and imperialist or antiimperialist?

46
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inm8U8pDDXE

After Spanish-American war
U.S. kept Philippines as a possession
Emilio Aguinaldo -Leader of the Filipino Uprising or
Insurrection.
Guerilla warfare – insurgents blended in and used this method of combat to conduct surprise hit and run attacks
5,000 deaths
200,000 Filipino deaths

William H. Taft,
1st
Governor General of the Philippines
Great administrator.

Acted like a constitution for the
Philippines
The law, enacted by Congress on
August 29, 1916, contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States
Federal Government's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines
A framework for a "more autonomous government“
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence

A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823.
It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in the North or
South would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention
President James Monroe
March 1817 – March 1825
- Secretary of
State
John Quincy
Adams
- Author of the
Monroe
Doctrine

Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the
Western
Hemisphere.

Our “Sphere of Influence”
• U.S. wanted trade with China
• 1899 – Britain,
France, Germany, and Russia had carved China in zones “spheres”
• Causes limited access to trade for U.S.

Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887

Boxer Rebellion -Patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment, was put down by imperial (U.S.,
Europeans, Japanese) powers in
1900
U.S. states no colonies would be in China, just wanted free trade
Manchu dynasty would soon fall
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

Secretary John Hay .
Give all nations equal access to trade in China, urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

Russo-Japanese War (1904)
• Russia and Japan both had designs on
Manchuria and Korea
• Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-
Siberian Railway across Manchuria
• Japan destroyed
Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although
Russians turned the tide on land
• Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major
Western power.

Russo-Japanese War (1904)
• Treaty of Portsmouth
(mediated by U.S. president
Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in
Korea, half of Sakhalin Island –
Japan also went on to annex
Korea
• Long-term impact of war:
Russia turned to the Balkans, and Russia’s political situation deteriorated further, leading to the Russian Revolution
• Japan’s victory stimulated
Asian nationalism – various
Asian peoples hoped to emulate
Japanese power and win their independence

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfsfoFqsFk4

• Popular nickname for the
U.S. Navy battle fleet that completed a curcimnavigation of the globe from 16 December
1907 to 22 February
1909 by order of President Roosevelt.
• Show of force to the
World!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MAsMwJghh8

Teller Amendment (1898)
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1.
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
4.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

1900 Foraker Act .
 PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
 Citizens of PR, not of the US.
 Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903  the Insular Cases .
 Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
 Congress had the power to decide these rights.
 Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

1917 – Jones Act .
 Gave full territorial status to PR.
 Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
 PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.
 PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.
 A resident commissioner was sent to
Washington to vote for PR in the House.

1850  Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty .
1901  Hay-Paunceforte
Treaty .
Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903  Hay-Bunau-
Varilla Treaty .

TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Improve financial opportunities for
American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote
America’s commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in
Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Venustiano Carranza
Pancho Villa
Francisco I
Madero
Porfirio
Diaz

The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

General John J. Pershing with Pancho
Villa in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfsfoFqsFk4