Political Cartoon
CHAPTER 2
Our Political Beginnings
TERMS AND QUESTIONS Chapter 2 Section 1
CHAPTER 2
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ordered government
limited government
Representative government
How did the Magna Carta affect English government?
List the three fundamental rights established by the Magna Carta.
Why did Charles I have to sign the Petition of Rights?
What four ways did the Petition of Rights limit the king’s power?
Who had to sign the Bill of Rights and what limits did it place on future
monarchs?
Jamestown
Charter
What was a royal colony and how was the government constructed?
Who were the royal colonies?
What was a proprietary colony and name these colonies?
What was a charter colony and who were they?
Basic Concepts of Government
CHAPTER 2
The English colonists in America brought with them
three main concepts:
• The need for an ordered social system, or
government. They created local governments, based
on those they had known in England.
• The idea of limited government, that is, that
government should not be all-powerful.
• The concept of representative government — a
government that serves the will of the people.
THE MAGNA CARTA
CHAPTER 2
• A group of determined barons forced King John
to sign the Magna Carta – the Great Charter – at
Runnymede. The barons were seeking protection
against heavy handed and arbitrary acts by the
king.
• It included fundamental rights such as trial by
jury, due process of law and protection against
the arbitrary taking of life, liberty and property.
• The Magna Carta established the principle that
the power of the monarchy was not absolute.
Magna Carta
CHAPTER 2
Magna Carta 1215
CHAPTER 2
THE PETITION OF RIGHT
CHAPTER 2
• In 1628 when Charles I asked Parliament for more money in
taxes, Parliament refused until he signed the Petition of
Right.
• The Petition of Right limited the king’s power. It demanded
that the king no longer imprison or punish people but by
the lawful judgment of his peers. It also insisted the king
could not impose martial law in time of peace or require
homeowners to shelter the king’s troops without their
consent. Also no man should be “compelled to make or
yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or such like charge,
without common consent by act of parliament.”
• The petition challenged the idea of divine rights of kings,
declaring that they must obey the law of the land.
The Stewart Dynasty: The Petition of Right
CHAPTER 2
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
CHAPTER 2
• In 1688, the crown was offered to William and Mary of Orange. To
prevent abuse of power, 1n 1689, they had to sign a document, the
English Bill of Rights.
• It prohibited a standing army in peacetime, except with the consent of
Parliament, and required that all parliamentary elections be free. It also
declared “that the pretended power of suspending the laws, or the
execution of laws, by regal authority, without the consent of Parliament
is illegal . . .”
• that the levying money for or to the use of the Crown . . . without grant
of Parliament . . . Is illegal . . .
• that it is the right of the subjects to petition the king . . . and that
prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal . . .
• It also included right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bail, and
from cruel and unusual punishment.
The Glorious Revolution: The Bill of Rights
CHAPTER 2
Limited Government
CHAPTER 2
Important English Documents
CHAPTER 2
The way our government works today can be traced to
important documents in history:
THE ENGLISH COLONIES
CHAPTER 2
• The 13 colonies were established separately, over
the span of some 125 years.
• Virginia – first colony established in North
America at Jamestown in 1607.
• Georgia was the last to be formed, with the
settlement of Savannah in 1733.
• Charter – each colony was established on a
written grant of authority from the king.
The Thirteen Colonies
CHAPTER 2
There were three types of colonies in North America: royal,
proprietary, and charter.
• The royal colonies were ruled directly by the English monarchy. New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
• The king named a governor as the chief executive, a council, also
named by the king, served an advisory body to the governor.
• The King granted land to people in North America, who then formed
proprietary colonies. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
• The charter colonies were mostly self-governed, and their charters
were granted to the colonists. Connecticut and Rhode Island
New England Colonies
CHAPTER 2
Maryland, Proprietary Colony
CHAPTER 2
The Colony of Rhode Island
CHAPTER 2
The Proprietary Colonies
CHAPTER 2
• bicameral – two house legislature was
elected by those property owners qualified
to vote.
• Unicameral – one-house, the governor’s
council did not act as one house of the
legislature.
Section Review
CHAPTER 2
Political Cartoon
CHAPTER 2
Section 1 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. All of the following are basic concepts of government brought to the
colonies by English settlers EXCEPT
(a) the need for limited government.
(b) the need for a representative government.
(c) the need for an autocratic government.
(d) the need for an ordered social system.
2. Which of the following was not one of the rights granted in the Magna
Carta?
(a) the right to private property.
(b) the right to a trial by jury.
(c) the right to freedom of religion.
(d) the right to undergo due process of the law.
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Section 1 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. All of the following are basic concepts of government brought to the
colonies by English settlers EXCEPT
(a) the need for limited government.
(b) the need for a representative government.
(c) the need for an autocratic government.
(d) the need for an ordered social system.
2. Which of the following was not one of the rights granted in the Magna
Carta?
(a) the right to private property.
(b) the right to a trial by jury.
(c) the right to freedom of religion.
(d) the right to undergo due process of the law.
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The Coming of Independence
QUESTIONS AND TERMS Chapter 2 Section 2
CHAPTER 2
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Who controlled the colonies?
How had the colonies become federal.
How did George III treat the colonies?
Confederation
Who was the New England Confederation?
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Intolerable Acts
September 5, 1774
May 10, 1775
Articles of Confederation
What did the Declaration of Independence state?
Who signed the Declaration of Independence?
Who adopted the first state constitutions and why did all of the colonies
adopt?
What common features did the State constitutions share?
The Declaration of Independence
CHAPTER 2
• “We must all hang
together, or assuredly we
shall all hang separately.”
- Benjamin Franklin
British Colonial Policies
CHAPTER 2
• Until the mid-1700s, the colonies were allowed a great deal
of freedom in their governments by the English monarchy.
They were controlled largely through the Privy Council and
the Board of Trade in London. In theory they were
governed in all matters from London, but they were 3,000
miles away and it took nearly two months to sail one way.
• The relationship between Britain and the colonies had
become federal, the central government in London was
responsible for colonial defense and for foreign affairs,
provided a uniform system of money and credit and a
common market for colonial trade.
BRITISH COLONIAL POLICIES
CHAPTER 2
• In 1760, King George III imposed new taxes and laws on the
colonists. Restrictive trading acts were expanded and
enforced. New taxes were imposed, mostly to support
British troops in North America. The colonist protested
because of “taxation without representation.” The
colonists considered themselves British subject but
refused to accept Parliament’s claim that it had a rights to
control their local affairs.
• The colonists started a confederation, proposed an annual
congress, and began to rebel.
Growing Colonial Unity
CHAPTER 2
Early Attempts
• In 1643, several New England settlements formed the New England
Confederation. Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut
• A confederation is a joining of several groups for a common purpose.
The Albany Plan
• In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union, in which an
annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies
would be formed. This plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown.
The Stamp Act Congress
• In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New
York.
• These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against
British policies and sent it to the king. This was the first time that a large
number of colonies joined to oppose the British government. Parliament
repealed the Stamp Act but new laws were passed and new policies were made
to tie the colonies closer to London.
THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS
CHAPTER 2
• Boycott – is a refusal to buy or sell certain
products or services.
• March 5, 1770 – British troops in Boston fired on a
jeering crowd, killing 5, in what was to become the
Boston Massacre.
• Boston Tea Party – December 16, 1773 – colonist
disguised as Indians dumped cargo into the sea to
protest British control of the tea trade.
The Continental Congresses
CHAPTER 2
First Continental Congress
• Intolerable Acts – set of laws passed to punish the colonist
for the troubles in Boston and elsewhere.
• Delegates from every colony except Georgia met in
Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. The colonists sent a
Declaration of Rights to King George III protesting Britain’s
colonial policies.
• The delegates urged each of the colonies to refuse all trade
with England until British tax and trade regulations were
repealed, or recalled.
First Continental Congress
CHAPTER 2
THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
CHAPTER 2
• The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on
May 10, 1775. The battles of Lexington and Concord had
been fought on April 19.
• Each colony sent representatives. John Hancock was
chosen president of the Congress and George Washington
was appointed commander and chief.
• The Second Continental Congress was the nation’s first
national government but it had no constitutional base.
• Articles of Confederation – July 1776 to March 1781, did
everything any government would do.
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER 2
• On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the
Declaration of Independence. It announces the independence of the
United States.
• 56 men signed the Declaration.
• Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions –
bodies of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures and
processes of their governments - instead of charters.
• New Hampshire adopted a constitution to replace its royal charter.
• Common Features of the states constitutions • Popular sovereignty – government can exist only with the consent of
the governed.
• Limited government
• Civil rights and liberties
• Separation of powers
• Checks and balances
Second Continental Congress
CHAPTER 2
Popular Sovereignty
CHAPTER 2
Common Features of State Constitutions
CHAPTER 2
Popular Sovereignty
The principle of popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution.
That principle says that government can exist and function only with the consent of
the governed. The people hold power and the people are sovereign.
Limited Government
The concept of limited government was a major feature of each State constitution.
The powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with
many restrictions.
Civil Rights and Liberties
Separation of Powers and Checks and
Balances
In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that
the government must respect at all times. Seven of the new constitutions contained
a bill of rights, setting out the “unalienable rights” held by the people.
The powers granted to the new State governments were purposely divided among
three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch was given powers
with which to check (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government.
Timeline
CHAPTER 2
Section Review
CHAPTER 2
Section 2 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The Declaration of Independence was signed in
(a) 1765.
(b) 1776.
(c) 1781.
(d) 1787.
2. The Stamp Act of 1765 was a law enacted by the British that
(a) increased the colonists’ taxes.
(b) was repealed by the Magna Carta.
(c) the colonists ratified one year later.
(d) raised the price of postage stamps by two cents.
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Section 2 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The Declaration of Independence was signed in
(a) 1765.
(b) 1776.
(c) 1781.
(d) 1787.
2. The Stamp Act of 1765 was a law enacted by the British that
(a) increased the colonists’ taxes.
(b) was repealed by the Magna Carta.
(c) the colonists ratified one year later.
(d) raised the price of postage stamps by two cents.
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The Critical Period
QUESTIONS AND TERMS Chapter 2 Section 3
CHAPTER 2
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Ratification
How was the government in the Articles of Confederation set up?
Presiding Officer
List the 10 powers granted to Congress under the Articles of Confederation.
What six areas did the States pledge to obey under the Articles and Acts of
Congress?
List the four weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation,
October 19, 1781
What four problems occurred after the signing of the Treaty of Paris?
Who met for the conference in Alexandria, Virginia and what was the
meeting for?
How many representatives met in Annapolis, Maryland and what did they
decide to do?
Treaty of Paris 1783
CHAPTER 2
The Articles of Confederation
CHAPTER 2
The Articles of Confederation established “a firm league of friendship”
among the States. November 15, 1777, the delegates approved a plan of
government. The Articles did not go into effect immediately. The 13
States needed to ratify the Articles first. It was not formally ratified until
March 3, 1781.
A Congress was the sole body created. It was unicameral, made up of
delegates chosen yearly by the States in whatever way their legislatures
might direct. Each State had one vote in Congress. The Articles
established no executive or judicial branch. Congress would chose one
of its members as its president. Presiding officer would be the chair of
Congress but not the president of the United States.
Political Cartoon
CHAPTER 2
POWERS OF CONGRESS
CHAPTER 2
Several important powers were given to Congress.
• 1. It could make war and peace.
• 2. Send and receive ambassadors
• 3. Make treaties
• 4. Borrow money
• 5. Establish post offices
• 6. Build a navy
• 7. Rise an army by asking the States for troops
• 8. Fix uniform standards of weights and measures
• 9. Settle disputes among the States
STATE OBLIGATIONS
CHAPTER 2
• States pledged to obey the Articles and acts of the
Congress.
• They would provide the funds and troops requested by the
Congress
• Treat citizens of other States fairly and equally with their
own
• Give full faith and credit to the public acts, record, and the
judicial proceedings of every other State
• Surrender fugitives from justice to one another
• Submit their dispute to Congress for settlement
• Allow open travel and trade between and among the States.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
CHAPTER 2
Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes or duties. It
could raise money only by borrowing and by asking the
States for funds.
• Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate
commerce. This became one of the major factors that led
to the adoption of the Constitution.
• No executive to enforce acts of Congress. States did not
have to obey the Articles of Confederation or the laws that
it made. Congress could exercise the powers only with the
consent of 9 of the 13 state delegations.
• The Articles themselves could only be changed with the
consent of all the States.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
CHAPTER 2
THE CRITICAL PERIOD, THE 1780S
CHAPTER 2
• The Revolutionary War ended on October 19, 1781. We signed the
Treaty of Paris in 1783. Problems soon surfaced because of the
Articles of Confederation.
• The states bickered among themselves and grew increasingly jealous
and suspicious of one another.
• Several of the states made agreements with foreign governments
without the approval of the National Government, even though it was
forbidden by the Articles.
• The States taxed one another’s goods and even banned some trade.
They printed their own money with little backing.
• Shay’s Rebellion was caused because many of the farmers were losing
their land and possessions. Daniel Shays and other local leaders led
an uprising that forced the Supreme Court of Springfield,
Massachusetts, to close.
Shays’ Rebellion: Rebels Gather
CHAPTER 2
A NEED FOR A STRONGER GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER 2
• The Articles had created a government unable to deal with
the nation’s troubles. Demand for a stronger government
grew and began to take concrete form in 1785.
• Maryland and Virginia, took the first step in the movement
for change. The two States agreed to a conference on their
trade problems.
• Representatives met in Alexandria, Virginia, on March
1785. George Washington invited both States to move to
his home at Mount Vernon.
• The negotiations were so successful that on January 21,
1786, the Virginia General Assembly called for a meeting of
all the states.
A Call for a Stronger Government
CHAPTER 2
• That joint meeting opened at Annapolis,
Maryland, on September 11, 1786. Turnout
was poor with only 5 States showing up.
• In February 1787, seven States named
delegates to a meeting in Philadelphia.
Later Congress called upon the States to
meet there.
Section Review
CHAPTER 2
Section 3 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The government set up by the Articles of Confederation had
(a) the power to make treaties and build a navy.
(b) a bicameral congress.
(c) separation of powers.
(d) a President to carry out its laws.
2. Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
(a) Congress could not make treaties.
(b) Congress could not borrow money.
(c) The States did not agree to obey the Articles.
(d) Congress could not lay or collect taxes or duties.
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Section 3 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The government set up by the Articles of Confederation had
(a) the power to make treaties and build a navy.
(b) a bicameral congress.
(c) separation of powers.
(d) a President to carry out its laws.
2. Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
(a) Congress could not make treaties.
(b) Congress could not borrow money.
(c) The States did not agree to obey the Articles.
(d) Congress could not lay or collect taxes or duties.
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Separation of Powers
CHAPTER 2
Political Cartoon
CHAPTER 2
Ch 2 Sec 4 Creating the Constitution
QUESTIONS AND TERMS
CHAPTER 2
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Framers
How many States showed up for the convention in Philadelphia, how many were
chosen, and how many actually showed up?
What was the first item on the agenda for the delegates?
What 2 rules of procedure did they adopt?
James Madison
Why was the Philadelphia Convention called?
What 5 provisions did the Virginia Plan have?
What were their objections to the Virginia Plan?
What was agreed to under the Connecticut Compromise?
The Three-Fifths Compromise settled what arguments?
Who did the Commerce and Trade Compromise benefit and what provisions did it
have?
What was the purpose of the Committee of Stile and Arrangement?
How many men signed the Constitution?
The Constitutional Convention
CHAPTER 2
THE FRAMERS
CHAPTER 2
• Twelve of the 13 States, sent delegates to
Philadelphia, Rhode Island did not attend. 74
delegates were chosen by the legislatures,
however only 55 of them actually attended the
convention.
• Framers – the name for the group of delegates
that attended the convention.
• Many of them fought in the Revolution
• 39 had been members of the Continental
Congress or the Congress of the Confederation.
THE FRAMERS
CHAPTER 2
• 8 had served in constitutional conventions in
their own States.
• 7 had been State governors
• 8 had signed the Declaration of Independence
• 31 had attended college
• 2 college presidents – 3 professors
• 2 would become President of the United States
• 1 Vice President
• 17 later served in the Senate
• 11 in the House of Representatives
THE FRAMERS
CHAPTER 2
• The average age of the delegates
was only 42, nearly half were only in
their 30s.
• Benjamin Franklin was the oldest at
81.
• George Washington was 55.
Framers of the Constitution
CHAPTER 2
Leaders of the Philadelphia Convention
• James Madison was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation.
• Gouverneur Morris was a lawyer who helped develop the U.S. system
of money.
• Alexander Hamilton was a lawyer who favored a strong central
government.
• George Washington was the successful leader of the Continental
Army.
Some famous leaders who were NOT at the Philadelphia Convention
• Patrick Henry said he “smelt a rat” and refused to attend.
• Samuel Adams and John Hancock were not selected as delegates by
their states.
• Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine were in Paris.
• John Adams was on diplomatic missions to England and Holland.
ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 2
• They organized on May 25, 1787, electing George
Washington president of the convention.
• May 28th, adopted several rules of procedure. A majority of
the States would be needed to conduct business.
• Each State delegation was to have one vote on all matters,
and a majority of the votes cast would carry any proposal.
• To protect themselves from outside pressure, they adopted
a rule of secrecy.
• William Jackson kept the convention’s journal.
• The Framers met on 89 of the 116 days from May 25th
through their final meeting on September 17th.
Composing the Constitution
CHAPTER 2
THE VIRGINIA PLAN
CHAPTER 2
• Called for a new government with three separate branches –
legislative, executive and judicial
• Congress would be bicameral
• Representation would be based upon each State’s population or upon
the amount of money they gave to the central government.
• The House of Representatives would be popularly elected in each
State.
• The Senate would be chosen from a list of persons nominated by the
State legislatures.
• Congress would choose a “National Executive” and a “National
Judiciary.
THE NEW JERSEY PLAN
CHAPTER 2
• Unicameral Congress
• With States represented equally.
• Limited powers to tax and to regulate trade between the
States.
• Called for a federal executive of more than one person.
• Congress would chose the plural executive and could be
removed by a request of a majority of the State’s
governors.
• The “federal judiciary” would be composed of a single
“supreme Tribunal,” appointed by the executive.
A Bundle of Compromises
CHAPTER 2
Constitutional Compromises
CHAPTER 2
The Connecticut Compromise
• Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment
with equal representation for States, and the other with
representation proportionate to the States’ populations.
The Three-Fifths Compromise
• The Framers decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a
person when determining the population of a State.
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
• Congress was forbidden from taxing exported goods, and
was not allowed to act on the slave trade for 20 years.
Influences on and Reactions to the New Constitution
CHAPTER 2
Influences
• The Framers were familiar with the political writings of their time, such
as works by Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Locke.
• They also were seasoned, variously, by the Second Continental
Congress, the Articles of Confederation and experiences with their
own State governments.
Reactions
• When the Constitution was complete, the Framers’ opinions of their
work varied. Some were disappointed, like George Mason of Virginia,
who opposed the Constitution until his death in 1792.
• Most agreed with Ben Franklin’s thoughts when he said, “From such
an assembly [of fallible men] can a perfect production be expected?
It…astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to
perfection as it does…”
Section 4 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The first national government for the United States was
(a) the First Continental Congress.
(b) the Second Continental Congress.
(c) the Articles of Confederation.
(d) the Constitution of the United States.
2. The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia involved delegates from
each of the following states except
(a) Maryland.
(b) Rhode Island.
(c) New York.
(d) Virginia.
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Section 4 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The first national government for the United States was
(a) the First Continental Congress.
(b) the Second Continental Congress.
(c) the Articles of Confederation.
(d) the Constitution of the United States.
2. The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia involved delegates from
each of the following states except
(a) Maryland.
(b) Rhode Island.
(c) New York.
(d) Virginia.
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Section Review
CHAPTER 2
Political Cartoon
CHAPTER 2
Ratifying the Constitution
Terms and Questions Chapter 2 Section 5
CHAPTER 2
• Who were the Federalists and the AntiFederalists?
• Quorum
• What did the Federalist believe in?
• What did the Anti-Federalist believe in?
• What was irregular about the ratification of the
Constitution?
• What was the Federalist Papers?
• Where was our first capital?
• Why did it take so long to certify that George
Washington was our first President?
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists
CHAPTER 2
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists
CHAPTER 2
The Constitution was very controversial at first, with
some groups supporting it, and others attacking it.
Federalists thought that the Articles of Confederation were weak, and argued for the
ratification of the Constitution. Their leaders were James Madison and Alexander
Hamilton. The Federalists stressed the weaknesses of the Articles. They argued
that the their troubles would only stop with a new government based on the new
Constitution.
Anti-Federalists objected to the Constitution for many reasons, including the strong
central government and the lack of a bill of rights and the lack of mentioning God.
Their leaders were Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock and Samuel
Adams.
Ratifying the Constitution
CHAPTER 2
The Constitution is Ratified
CHAPTER 2
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Nine States ratified the
Constitution by June 21, 1788,
but the new government needed
the ratification of the large States
of New York and Virginia.
Great debates were held in both
States, with Virginia ratifying the
Constitution June 25, 1788.
New York’s ratification was hard
fought. Supporters of the
Constitution published a series of
essays known as The Federalist.
The Federalist Papers
CHAPTER 2
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
CHAPTER 2
• A narrow vote in the New York convention
brought the number of States to 11.
• The Federalist – was a collection of 85 essays
supporting the Constitution written by Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison an John Jay. They
were first published as letters to the people in
various newspapers and were later put in book
form.
Inaugurating the Government
CHAPTER 2
• On September 13, 1788, with 11 of the 13 States “under the federal
roof,” the Congress of the Congress of the Confederation paved the
way for the successor.
• They chose New York as the temporary capital.
• They chose the first Wednesday in February as the date on which new
electors would vote, and the first Wednesday in March as the date for
the inauguration of the new government. The new Congress met for
the first time on March 4, 1789 in Federal Hall, on Wall Street.
• Congress finally attained a quorum (majority) on April 6 and counted
the electoral votes. Congress found that George Washington had
been unanimously elected President. He was inaugurated on April 30.
Chapter Review
CHAPTER 2
Flag Burning
CHAPTER 2
Section 5 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The debate over the ratification of the Constitution was won by the
(a) Anti-Federalists.
(b) Whigs.
(c) Federalists.
(d) Tories.
2. The temporary capital of the United States where Congress met in 1789 was
(a) Washington, D.C.
(b) Philadelphia.
(c) New York.
(d) Mount Vernon.
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Section 5 Assessment
CHAPTER 2
1. The debate over the ratification of the Constitution was won by the
(a) Anti-Federalists.
(b) Whigs.
(c) Federalists.
(d) Tories.
2. The temporary capital of the United States where Congress met in 1789 was
(a) Washington, D.C.
(b) Philadelphia.
(c) New York.
(d) Mount Vernon.
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