The 1800’s was a time of upheaval.
•The Church is less of an influence
•Monarchies toppled
•Industrialization
•Urbanization
•Masses of dissatisfied poor
•Fast paced progress leads to confusion
The Art World was changing quickly.
Movements and counter movements
were springing up.
An ART Movement is when a
group of artist, who are familiar
with each other, work in a
similar style during the same
period of time.
In the 1800’s,
Neoclassicism
Romanticism
Realism
Will compete with each other
Neoclassicism
Realism
Romanticism
Neoclassical Style
FRENCH
Jacques Louis David
Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres
AMERICAN
Benjamin West
John Singleton Copley
Gilbert Stuart
•Rococo gave way to the
Neoclassical Style late in the
18th century.
•The Rococo Style disappeared after
the French Revolution in 1789.
•The intellectuals of the
next generation
Neoclassical Style thought
that the Rococo style was
decadent and amoral…
The Age of Enlightenment
Brought about a rejection of
royal and aristocratic authority.
Neoclassical was perceived as
more democratic
Neoclassicism expressed the
“Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity”
of the French Revolution
The Age of Enlightenment
Populations boomed with
improvements in quality of life
Industrial Revolution
Mass production
Technological innovations
and medical science marched
forward
Neoclassicism was inspired by the
unearthing of the ruins of Pompeii
The Elgin Marbles
The Greek and Roman classics are
now cool again…
It started in Rome and is a crisp
linear style
It was inspired by, but did not copy
the art of ancient Greece and Rome
Neoclassical
Emphasized drawing
of line- which
appealed to the
intellect, rather than
color- which appeals
to the senses
Neoclassical
•Brushwork was
smooth
•Compositions
were simple to
avoid Rococo
melodrama
Neoclassical
Neoclassical
figures more solid
looking than
French Classical
Baroque
Jacques-Louis David
•
1748-1825
• Leading NeoClassical painter
• He developed a
personal style called
the “Empire Style”
• Inspired by
Caravaggio
• Painted many
classical stories
Jacques-Louis David
• Appealed to the republican
sentiments associated with
Classical antiquity.
• Was a supporter of the French
Revolution and close personal
friend to Robespierre and
Napoleon.
Oath of
the
Horatii11’x14’
1784
Illustrates an event from Roman tradition in
which honor and self-sacrifice prevailed
Oath of the Horatii
• Story of 3 Roman brothers who do
battle with other brothers from
rival family.
• Forms are vigorous, powerful,
animated, and emphatic
• Gestures are unified
• Neo-classical drapery
• Caravaggio-like lighting
Neoclassical
Shows Marat as a
political martyr.
He aligned himself
with Robespierre’s
reign of terror…
Political
propaganda
Jacques-Louis David
Death of Marat
5’x4’. 1793.
Death of Marat
• Commissioned during Reign
of Terror
• Marat was leader of the
French Revolution- a time of
terror and violence. He played
on the hysteria and became
paranoid- lots of enemies…
• Tombstone is
inscribed
“To Marat, David,
Year 2”
• Again, Caravaggio like lighting
• Idealization of Marat who had terrible skin
cancer
• Contrast between knife and pen in limp hand
Neoclassical
Jacques-Louis David
Death of Marat
5’x4’. 1793.
Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates, 1787.
The Death of Socrates
• David portrays the last moments of
Socrates life, before he commits
suicide.
• He is seen teaching until the very
end
• This an the Oath of Haratii were
supposed to be moral examples for
France.
Portrayal of Socrates is
an illusion to Raphael’s
School of Athens.
Neoclassical
Jacques-Louis David,
The Death of Socrates,
1787.
Baroque
Nicolas Poussin,
The Rape of the Sabine
Women, 1640s.
Jacques-Louis David
Coronation of Napoleon & Josephine, 1807
In the tradition
of Roman
equestrian
portraits
Jacques-Louis David
Napoleon Crossing
St. Bernard
1800-01.
Neoclassical
Jacques-Louis David
Napoleon in His Study
1812.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1780-1867
• Student of David’s
• Inspired by Mannerism,
Romanticism, and Neo-Classicalism
• He painted many portraits of
Napoleon
• He, like David, painted many stories
from antiquity.
Napoleon
Enthroned
9’x6’ 1806
Neoclassical
Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres
Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres
La Grande Odalisque, 1814.
Grande Odalisque
• Body disproportionate with elongated arms
and back.
• awkward placement of the left leg.
• Mannerism influence
• Idealized
• Turkish elements: incense, peacock fan,
turban, and pipe
Grande Odalisque
• Similar to Velazquez’s “Venus at her Mirror”
Neoclassical
Architecture
Pierre
Vignon,
La Madeleine
Paris, France, 1840
briefly intended as a temple of glory for
Napoleon’s armies and a monument to the
newly won glories of France.
Neoclassical
Architecture
Pierre Vignon, La Madeleine
Paris, France, 1807-1842
Influenced
by Roman
imperial
temples.
La Medeleine is a symolic link between the
Napolionic & Roman empires.
Neoclassical Architecture
Napoleon commissioned Greek and Roman
style monuments because he thought they
would enhance his image as a great emperor
Arc de Triomphe,
Paris
Neoclassical Architecture
Place Vendome
column
Trajan’s column
Neoclassical
Sculpture
Napoleon liked
classical
models in
paintings and
sculpture.
Napoleon’s
favorite
sculptor was
Antonio
Canova
Antonio Canova,
Pauline Borghese as Venus, 1808.
Neoclassical
Sculpture
Antonio Canova,
Pauline Borghese as Venus, 5’x7’
1808.
This is a sculpture of
Napoleon’s sister. She
insisted on being
portrayed as Venus.
Drapery
suggests a
commitment
to
naturalism.
Antonio Canova, Cupid and Psyche, 1790
NEOCLASSICAL
Antonio
Canova
Venus and Mars
1820.
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Neoclassical Sculptor
A French Neoclassical
sculptor.
Famous for his portrait
busts and statues of
philosophers, inventors
and political figures.
Biggest influence was
the Ancient Roman
bust.
Houdon’s daughter, Sabine Houdon.
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Neoclassical Sculptor
George Washington, 1785.
Voltaire, 1778.
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Neoclassical Sculptor
Ben Franklin, 1789.
Thomas Jefferson, 1789.
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Neoclassical Sculptor
Thomas Jefferson
was an American
who embodied the
principles of
Neoclassicism.
Houdon, Thomas Jefferson, 1789.
Greenough’s
George Washington, 1840
•
Horatio Greenough- America’s first
professional sculptor
•
Inspired by Phidias’s Early
Classical sculpture.
•
Frontal pose and imposing
presence.
•
His finger pointed upward like
David’s Socrates in the Death of
Socrates and Raphael’s Plato
Neoclassical
Architecture
Thomas Jefferson,
Monticello
Charlottesville,VA, 1770-1806
Thomas Jefferson, the owner and designer was
attracted to classical architecture.
.
Neoclassical
Architecture
Jefferson admired Palladio
Palladio,Villa Rotonda, 1570
Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington)
Chiswick House, c1729.
Thomas Jefferson, Rotunda at the University of Virginia
AMERICAN NEOCLASSICAL
Thomas Jefferson,
Rotunda at the UVA
Andrea Palladio,
Sketch of the Pantheon
John Singleton Copley
• 1738-1815, from Boston
• Leading painter of the
Colonial Period
• Famous for his portraits
• He left the U.S for
England where he was
influenced by European
Rocco and where his work
became more ornate
American
Neoclassical
The painting doesn’t
show him yet as the
familiar hero of the
American
Revolution, but
working his
everyday profession
as a silversmith.
John Singleton Copley,
Portrait of Paul Revere, 1770.
American
Neoclassical
He looks the viewer in
the eye (as in
Baroque works), but
its simplicity and
sparseness makes it
different.
Copley’s Paul Revere
• He sits against a
dark background
which is typical of
Baroque portraiture
and the tenebrism of
Caravaggio
• Surface shine
John Singleton CopleyWatson and the Shark, 1778
Watson and the Shark
• It depicts the rescue of Brook Watson from a
shark attack in Havana, Cuba
• The painting is romanticized. The gory detail
of the injury is hidden beneath the waves
Benjamin West
• Like Copley, he too
lived and worked in
England
• In 1772, he was
appointed history
painter to King George
III
• He was the president
of the Royal Academy.
Self Portrait, 1770
American NEOCLASSICAL
Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1771.
depicts the mortally wounded English commander
just after his defeat of the French in the battle of
Quebec, giving Canada to Great Britain.
West chose to depict a historical event and
has them all dressed in contemporary
costume- unheard of at the time.
martyrdom
charged
with
religious
emotion
combination of traditional heroic painting
with modern realism
John Trumbull’s
Declaration of Independence
John Trumbull’s
Declaration of Independence
• It hangs in the U.S Capital Rotunda in D.C.
• Painted in 1818
• Oil on canvas
• The figures wear plain, contemporary American
dress.
• Diagonals of the flags and the drum on the far
wall represent the battles that help them
achieve independence
Gilbert Stuart
Portrait of George
Washington
The Anthenaeum Portrait,
1796
AMERICAN
NEOCLASSICAL
Gilbert Stuart
Portrait of George
Washington,
1797.
AMERICAN
NEOCLASSICAL