Caliph (head of Muslim world)
Fatimids (Shi‘ites)
Seljuks (Sunnis), since 1055
1071 Seljuks defeat Byzantines at
Manzikert
Map Link: Europe and Muslim World c. 1097:
<http://www.shadowedrealm.com/lib/images/
medieval/maps/map080.jpg>
Just war, according to St Augustine of Hippo
(d. 430):
Proclaimed by a legitimate authority
For legitimate reasons
With right intention, only option
Warfare as an act of love
9th c. Spiritual benefits offered to holy warriors
mid 11th c. Pope Gregory VII (p. 1073-85) and
others expanding benefits, some popes
leading campaigns
March 1095 Envoys from Alexius I
Comnenus (r. 1080-1118) at Council
of Piacenza
27th November 1095 Pope Urban II
(p. 1088-95) preaches First Crusade
at Clermont
1096 People’s/ Peasants’ Crusade, led by
Peter the Hermit and Walter the
Penniless
Early 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach
Constantinople
June 1097 Crusaders take Nicea
March 1098 Baldwin of Boulogne becomes
Count of Edessa
June 1098 Crusaders take Antioch, eventually
given to Bohemond of Taranto
Jan 1099 Crusaders begin advance on
Jerusalem
June 1099 Crusaders besiege Jerusalem
15th July 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem
August 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian
army
County of Edessa
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Map Link: The Crusader States:
<http://www.shadowedrealm.com/lib/images/
medieval/maps/map012.jpg>
Godfrey de Bouillon, advocatus sancti
sepulchri, 1099-1100
Baldwin I (of Boulogne), King of Jerusalem,
1100-18
(Baldwin of Le Bourg got Edessa)
The Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad)
composed in public in 1105 by ‘Ali ibn
Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)
1110 Demonstrations in mosques of Baghdad
calling rulers to fight Crusaders
1119 Ilghazi of Mardin defeats Roger of
Antioch at Battle of Balat/Ager Sanguinis
1127 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes power in
Mosul
1128 Zangi takes control of Aleppo
1144 Zangi takes Edessa while
Joscelin II is away
1146 Zangi murdered by slave
Map Link: Zangi’s Territories:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/
Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg/2000pxPossession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.png>
Impact of the First Crusade:
On W. Europeans/Crusaders: Expansion of
Christendom to include Outremer.
Greater (if distorted) awareness of
Islam/Muslims
On Muslims: W. Europeans no longer as
distant barbarians. Regarded as invading,
usually for plunder/to spread Christianity
Impact of the First Crusade:
On Byzantines: Exacerbated tensions
between Byzantines and
W. Europeans. Mutual suspicion
and distrust
On Papacy: Loss of control. Attempts
to re-assert this in future years
Fulcher of Chartres (1059-1127)
French, chaplain to Baldwin of Boulogne,
went on First Crusade with him
Wrote Historia Iherosolymitana, using
mix of own experience and other
eyewitnesses
Died of plague
Anna Comnena (1083-1153)
Daughter of Alexius Comnenus
Received high-quality education, married
a historian (in 1097)
At 55 retired to a convent after failed
political intrigues
Wrote biography of father, the Alexiad
‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (1039-1106)
Damascene philologist and jurist
Wrote Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad),
which dictated over course of Muslim
years 498-99 (1105) in Mosque of Bayt
Lihya (in suburbs of Damascus). Also
dictated part of work in public again
in Jul-Aug 1105