th
1820-1865
AKA
ANTEBELLUM LITERATURE
(1820-1860)
AMERICAN ROMANTICISM
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
(1830-50s)
creative powers of individual mind
almost god-like powers regenerative power of nature , American landscape
“America is a poem in our eyes” (“The Poet”) limits of historical traditions , associations stultifying effects of established institutions mystical glories of pre-socialized infancy
infancy of USA self-reliance non-conformity possibility of the miraculous in the here & now
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
1830-50s
spark in 1830s
Emerson
peak in 1850s
Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
American writing =
achieves its 1st significant maturity
coming of age
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
Right Time:
culturally
–
time of peace
after Revolutionary War
after War of 1812 politically
–
from Enlightenment & Revolution> optimism re: man’s possibilities & man’s perfectibility democracy> value of individual
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
Right Time:
economically
–
peace after war growing business, commerce growing leisure class
coming depression of mid-century, panic of 1837 religiously
–
stern Calvinism = replaced by purely logical Deism
& its (over)reaction to Great Awakening’s emotionalism
unsatisfied
& hungry for something new, personal but not traditional reaction to growing materialism
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
aesthetically
–
felt restrained by Neo-Classicism
(form, lack of emotion) less @ form more @ inspiration & emotion heart over rules
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
anti-American Literature:
not taught in US schools until mid-20thC
not taken seriously seen as subordinate to British lit
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
against idea of American Renaissance:
selling idea created in 1941 (we need a “ren.” as British) critics of the period excluded women, blacks, Indians, ….
critics were disinterested in popular writers of the day (not until 1970s, 1980s) critics were disinterested in works outside of New York &
Massachusetts critics had ignored the period’s social/political contexts: immigration, slavery,… critics had overemphasized the separation of English &
American literary traditions
*how can it be a “rebirth” when it’s only beginning, still in the process of becoming
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
centrality:
building on writings that preceded it & pointing to future possibilities fulfillment of calls for “American” literary tradition
from 1790s+
“American” literature:
1820s
1st great culmination of American literary nationalism helped spawn the “Renaissance” to come next
Irving, WC Bryant, JF Cooper, CM Sedgwick
(bigger readership than 1830s, 1850s)
1820s
LITERARY NATIONALISM (#1):
end of Revolutionary War (1790s) sign of a great nation = great national literature felt new country had raw materials for it different moral themes from Europe
1820s
BUT
vulnerability, uncertainty, fragility
not sure if US would last
French Revolution’s Reign of Terror
Napoleonic Wars
War of 1812/2nd War w/England
British burned Capital & White House
delay of national literature
1820s
1815:
defeat of British at New Orleans by Andrew Jackson
national identity
ANDREW JACKSON = America
national mythology
republican hero incarnation of the democratic spirit of the age anti-aristocratic anti-monarchical
average person (obscure background) added w/fighting Indians in Florida became US president 1828
1820s
Andrew Jackson & Effect on Literature :
celebration of ordinary people & their abilities hostility to unearned social distinction & inherited wealth
( common man )
( anti-aristocracy )
1820s
LITERARY NATIONALISM (#2):
optimistic nationalism calls for a new American literature
North American Review , Boston journal
“ literature of our own ”
“American” images, allusions, metaphorical language
true freedom = “ complete emancipation from literary enthrallment ”
1820s
1820s:
answered call
Irving’s Sketches
Bryant’s Poems
Cooper’s Spy & Pioneers
1820s
NOT separate from British lit. traditions
BUT alongside shared language shared love of Brit. It greats
Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton,
Addison & Steele, Pope
Wordsworth, Byron, Walter Scott
1820s
CRITICAL of early national culture:
reverential to European historical & cultural past & skeptical about boastful US culture w/little interest in art & history (or w/a cultural past of its own) demythologizing of past (Revol. War) tempered by awareness of rise & fall of great nations
“ENLIGHTENMENT notion
evidenced in American & French Revolutions
** impermanency, mutability **
1820s
uncertainty:
change in US geography
Louisiana Purchase 1803 (doubled size BUT also caused more problems
) free states vs. slave states
Missouri Compromises 1820/21 lack of national consensus
states’ rights, slavery, internal improvements, national tariffs
1820s
nature:
part of our national character great landscapes comprehend God’s spirit in it
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
British lit in US:
easy access
ocean port rivers within months of original publication
tough for US writers to publish in US
“subscription system”:
had to arrange committed purchasers prior to publishing
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
geography’s importance:
big cities – big ports = big publishing businesses
ocean
port
rivers
New York
Erie Canal (1825)
Ohio territory
Philadelphia
(not Boston until R/R)
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
copyright laws:
no international copyrights most British works = pirated copies
no royalties paid to authors
(DVDs, CDs todays)
cheaper than publishing American lit b/c of national copyright
American writers & “day jobs”
no professional US writers (except Irving)
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
1820-65: changes in US that helped US publication
population growth
4 million (1790)
30 million (1860)
Irish immigration of 40s, 50s territorial expansion technological developments in publishing increased urbanization transportation developments
canals, railroads
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
mid-19th C:
Irish immigration economic depression migration to cities
Mexican War that brought 1.2 m sq.miles (now
= 3msm) gold rush
travel literature
newspapers & magazine boom
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
newspapers & magazines:
newspapers: 400
thousands magazines: 100
600
Graham’s & Godey’s Lady’s Book
= new medium for publication
poetry fiction
personal essays travel writing political reportage women writers
LITERARY MARKETPLACE
WOMEN:
writers editors successful, prosperous
argument against women writers:
inflaming their imaginations
& undermining their moral place in the privacy of home
(domesticity)
SUBVERSION:
often challenging the notions of domesticity from within cultural power of domesticity
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
Renaissance in the sense of
a flowering excitement re: human possibilities a high regard for individual a defiance of British lit. traditions, for American a struggle to understand what "American" could possibly mean
** rebirth of founding ideals
Revolutionary ideals
Enlightenment principles principles of Declaration of Independence, Common Sense,
Federalist
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
REFORM:
conviction that American literature & culture = not living up to their Revolutionary or democratic promises (Enlightenment ideals) reform movements
–
women’s rights
temperance abolition, anti-slavery plight of the urban poor anti-Catholicism (Protestant evangelical reform)
a “protest” against Catholicism
*doctrine of reform = central to American Renaissance period
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
RW EMERSON & Reform:
personal :
Transcendentalism society :
abolition, temperance, women’s suffrage literature :
rejects American literary nationalism as timid, imitative
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
LITERARY NATIONALISM (#3):
in RWE’s “
American Scholar
” speech – exhortation to break dependence on “ courtly muses of Europe
” a new call for “American” literature
TRANSCENDENTALISM
Emerson’s “the Transcendentalists” (1842 lecture)
“The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. He believes in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; he believes in inspiration, and in ecstasy.”
TRANSCENDENTALISM
Kantian, through his anti-Lockean (only known through experience)
Fuller, Thoreau, Whitman the existence of an ideal spiritual reality
that transcends the empirical & scientific is knowable through intuition
(intuition as means to knowledge)
(intuition vs. empirical/scientific) power of the creative imagination possibility of the miraculous divinity of the self
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
WOMEN & Reform:
involved in the plight of the urban poor
& w/women’s rights
Fuller’s “Great Lawsuit”
Seneca Falls Convention 1848
E. Cady Stanton’s “Declaration of Sentiments”
ANALOGY: men = Britain
social institutions & legal codes serve male interests
New York’s married women’s property act
Power:
domestic power (property rights) public power (voting) check patriarchal power (slavery, temperance)
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
TEMPERANCE:
drinking = male activity lured men away from home, wives, children money drunkenness
social unrest domestic abuse, rape, prostitution
“animal passions” addiction
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
HYPOCRISIES:
disillusionment *** boasted US = bastion of freedom & equality
Yet…….
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
HYPOCRISIES:
genocide of Indians
Indian Removal Act 1830 few protests by white writers mostly Indian writers @ bad-faith treaties & land-grabbing schemes slavery of Africans
anti-slavery literature by whites & former slaves
Melville: “man’s foulest crime”; America as “intrepid, unprincipled, reckless,
predatory, w/boundless ambition, civilized in external but a savage at heart”
Thoreau: against Mexican war, anti-slavery
Civil War = holy war against slavery to redeem the millennial promise of a nation, Emersonian reform, DOI principles expansionism that ignored sovereignties (Mexico)
MANIFEST DESTINY
War w/Mexico (1846-48)
Thoreau: against war for expansion of slavery
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
CIVIL WAR:
April 12, 1860 (Fort Sumter, SC)
April 9, 1865 (Appomattox, VA)
600,000+ dead most writers supported the anti-slavery angle
= holy war against slavery to redeem the millennial promise of a nation,
Emersonian reform
Declaration of Independence principles
critical of American’s under-estimation of costs of war
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
CIVIL WAR:
afterward:
reconciliation
Melville, Whitman
( opposite of Thomas Paine) death of Lincoln
failure of Reconstruction
to educate former slaves to follow through on reform at heart of CW political corruption materialism anti-black violence (lynching)
RENAISSANCE, REFORM, CONFLICT
DISILLUSIONMENT
to live up to founding ideals principles in the DOI
@ liberty & equality
before Civil War
re: women, Indians, slaves, Mexico
after Civil War
re: lynchings, carpetbaggers, scalawags
1820-65
SMALL & LARGE WORLD
small world:
conversations w/each other
direct & indirect influences
counterinfluences
productive friendships rejections of friendships & influences ….
wrote responses to each other’s works
literal literary
SMALL & LARGE WORLD
large world:
beyond the US borders travelled, lived, worked abroad interests in literatures south of the border world literature: ancient, contemporary looked to the American past (colonial) for literary inheritance influenced & read, better appreciated in the future (20th C)
images allusions metaphorical language themes
common man anti-aristocracy critical of US (Subversion) social reform disillusionment w/Rev. promise fear of impermanency
alongside European lit. traditions media of newspapers & magazines women writers