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Objectives
• Assess how whites created a segregated society in
the South and how African Americans responded.
• Analyze efforts to limit immigration and the effects.
• Compare the situations of Mexican Americans and
of women to those of other groups.
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Terms and People
•
Jim Crow laws – laws that kept blacks and whites
segregated
•
poll tax – a tax which voters were required to pay
to vote
•
literacy test – a test, given at the polls to see
if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black
citizens
•
grandfather clause – a law which allowed a
person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior
to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
Booker T. Washington – the most famous black
leader during the late 19th century, he encouraged
African Americans to build up their economic
resources through hard work
•
W.E.B. Du Bois – a black leader in the late 19th
century who disagreed with Washington and argued
that blacks should demand full and immediate
equality
•
Ida B. Wells – an African American teacher who
bought a newspaper and embarked on a lifelong
crusade against the practice of lynching
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Terms and People
•
(continued)
Las Gorras Blancas – a group of Mexican
Americans who protested their loss of land in the
Southwest by targeting the property of large ranch
owners
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How were the civil and political rights of
certain groups in America undermined
during the years after Reconstruction?
In the course of the Gilded Age, the equal rights
extended to African Americans during
Reconstruction were narrowed.
This move away from equality for all had a lasting
impact on society in the United States.
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Federal troops were removed from the South
in 1876.
Ways in which
blacks’ right
to vote was
restricted in
the South:
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clauses
violence
Segregation via Jim Crow laws became the norm,
and blacks lost voting rights.
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The many strategies
used to keep black
voters away from
the polls were very
effective.
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In addition to losing their voting rights, blacks also
faced widespread segregation in the South and in
the North.
The constitutionality
of Jim Crow laws
was upheld by the
Supreme Court
in the 1896 case
Plessy v. Ferguson.
Still, African
Americans refused to
accept their status as
second-class citizens.
Several important
leaders emerged and
called for equality.
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Booker T. Washington was the most famous
black leader of the late 19th century.
Washington believed that black citizens should
accommodate themselves to segregation and
build up their own economic resources through
hard work.
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Some disagreed with Booker T. Washington.
W.E.B. Du Bois
argued that
blacks should
demand full and
equal rights
immediately.
Du Bois felt
the burden of
achieving equality
should not rest on
the shoulders of
African Americans
alone.
Another black leader was Ida B. Wells, who devoted
her life to the crusade against lynching.
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In the Southwest,
four out of five
Mexican Americans
lost their land
after the MexicanAmerican War,
despite a treaty
which guaranteed
their property
rights.
Las Gorras Blancas,
a Mexican American
group, fought for their
rights by inflicting
property damage on
landowners and
publishing grievances
in their own
newspaper.
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Chinese immigrants also faced racial prejudice in
the West at this time.
Faced with severe
job discrimination,
some ChineseAmericans started
their own
businesses.
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Prior to the Civil War, women played a large role in
reform movements, including the call to abolish
slavery.
Leaders wanted to
further the rights of
women and were
disappointed when
women were not
included in the 14th
and 15th Amendments.
Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton formed
the National
Woman Suffrage
Association in
1869.
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•
Susan B. Anthony voted in an
election in 1872 and was
arrested.
•
Awaiting trial, she toured the
nation, delivering a powerful
speech on the issue.
Activists did not secure
women’s suffrage during the
19th century.
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