Industrialization &
Nationalism
1800-1870
Factors of Production
People
 James
Watts  Proletariat
 Stevenson
 Bourgeoisie
 Eli Whitney
 Class struggle
 Henry Ford
 Marxism
 Karl Marx
 Great Famine
Essential Questions
 Trace
patterns of industrialism in the
world.
 Analyze how new innovations made
industrialism more successful.
 Contrast the circumstances of labor
[workers] before and after the
Industrial Revolution.
 Discuss the emergence of industrial
capitalism and its implications.
 Discuss the impact of industrialism on
society.
Cottage Industry / Factory System

 Cottage
Industry
 Piecework
directly
tied to how much
produced.
Factory System


 Earnings
Centralized work
place> outside home
Paid by how much
time you worked

Women & children
paid less $ than men
Machines set pace
 Made in home
 Direct control of
workforce
 Family enterprise
 Limited breaks to
 Whole families
maximize production
helped

Cottage Industry
Factory System
Patterns of Industrialization
 Great
Britain
 First
emerged there
 Favorable conditions & demand for
textiles
 Mechanization
 Kay

of Industry
[1733]> flying shuttle
increased production 100 X previous
production
 Crompton’s
mule [1779]> new spinning
machine
 Cartwright’s [1785]> power loom
Industrial Innovation
 Britain
source of many innovations
 James Watt’s [1765]> steam engine
 Iron & Steel
 Use of coke to fuel furnaces
 Bessemer Process > cheap steel
making
 Transportation
 Railroads & steam
ships lowered costs
 Stevenson [1815]

Steam powered
locomotive
New Social Classes Emerge
 Owner
class
 Wealthy
entrepreneurs & investors
 Well educated
 High standard of living
 Working
 Labor
class
force of poor / immigrants
 No education b/c child labor
 Exploited for their labor
Industrial
Capitalism
 Eli
Whitney
 Machine tools
 Standardized interchangeable
parts
 Henry Ford
 Assembly line production of
automobile
 Lowered costs
 Paid workers more [$5 a day]
 Workers could afford cars [$200]
Industrial Capitalism
 Big
Businesses / corporations
 Were
promoted b/c
 High cost of factories
 Capital investment
 British
 Laid
& French
legal groundwork for modern
corporations
Industrial Capitalism
 MONOPOLIES
 Direct
domination of any industry
 CAPITALISTS
Either formed:
Trusts
 Many businesses run as one
 Cartels
 Groups that set production &
price
 O.P.E.C.

Spread of Industrialism
Napoleonic
Wars abolished
guilds & trade barriers
Facilitated
W. Europe
Belgium,
industrialization in
Germany, & France
Industrialized
by 1900
Social Impact of Industrialism
 Population
growth
 Better diets & improved sanitation
 Urbanization
 Internal migration

rural to urban
 Demographic
 Relative
transition
stability
 Voluntary birth control
low fertility rate
Urbanization & Migration
 Urbanization
 Internal
migration
 From

TRANSCONTINENTAL
 External
migration
 Mostly
Europe to
America
farms to
 50M from early
factories
 Growth
in
number & size
of cities
19th to early 20th
Cent.
Social Impact of
Industrialization
New
Social Classes
Captains

extreme wealth
Middle

class
largest beneficiary
Working

of Industry
class
poorly paid, unskilled
Social Implications
INDUSTRIAL
FAMILIES:
Families
lead separate lives
Men gain stature

Workers resisted work discipline
Working
women [only lower
class]
Child labor common because of
low wages to family & child
Casualties: 148
http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/
Great Famine
 Ireland
A
direct colony of Britain
 Oppressed
among Western nations
 Dispossessed of their land and vote
 Tenants
 Potatoes
 Crop
in their own land
failure lead to famine
 Britain
exported food during the
famine
 1M died / 2M emigrate
Resistance to Industrial
Domination
 KARL
MARX
 Intense
competition lead to
exploitation
 Political & social institutions served
only the interests of the capitalists
 Promoted
“class struggle”
 Bourgeoisie

 Did
vs. Proletariat
Business owners / workers
not believe capitalism could
reform itself
Nationalism
Part 2
Essential Questions
 What
influence did the Crimean War
have on European nationalism?
 How did the Principles of Legitimacy
and of Intervention impact European
relationships?
 Compare the unification of Italy and
the unification of Germany.
 Identify the reform movements of
the era.
People & Concepts  Nationalism
Congress of Vienna
 Crimean War
 Principle of
 Florence Nightingale
Intervention
 Metternich
 Principle of
Legitimacy
 Otto Von Bismarck
 Emancipation of
 Cavour & Girabaldi
Serfs
 Czar Alexander II
 Ausgleich
 British North
 Documents of
America Act
Liberalism
 Queen Victoria
 Realpolitik

Nationalism
 Nationalism
 IDEOLOGY
OF A NATION STATE
 Emerged after the French
Revolution
 Revolutions
in Central Europe
 Based on universal male suffrage
 Austrian Empire
 Multinational

state
Fragmentation of interests of its
people
Impact of Crimean War
 CRIMEAN
WAR
 Direct impetus for new alliances
in Europe
 Russia
& Austria now enemies
 Promoted
a new rise of
nationalism in the Balkans
 Spread
throughout Europe
Crimean
War
1853-1856
Crimean War
Florence Nightingale
Congress of Vienna
 PEACE
SETTLEMENT AFTER
NAPOLEONIC WARS
 Metternich
 [Austrian

foreign minister]
Conservative ideologist
 PRINCIPLE
OF LEGITIMACY
 PRINCIPLE
OF INTERVENTION
 Great

Powers
Right to send armies to intervene with
revolutions
Opposition to Conservatism
 Liberalism
 Powerful
& nationalism
forces for change
 Liberalism
 Enlightenment
was the source
 Supported
Civil liberties, free speech, press,
religion
 Separation of church & state
 Were not democrats


Only equality and power to white men of
property
Documents of Liberalism
American
Declaration of
Independence
Equality
Popular Sovereignty
Life – liberty – pursuit of
happiness
Declaration
of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
Liberty–
equality - fraternity
Map Austria-Hungarian
Empire
National Unification Movements
 ITALY

[1860]
Mazzini’s Young
Italy spurred
uprisings
 Cavour

Expelled Austria
from northern
Italy
 Garibaldi


Consolidated
south
Vittore Emmanuele
 GERMANY
[1871]
 Otto
Von
Bismarck
 Prime Minister
 Provoked
wars to
swell German
pride
 Prussian
 Self-proclaimed
 Emperor
Reich
of 2nd
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Unification of Germany
 Bismarck
 Unified
by force
 Autocratic
rule
 Militarism

Power base
 Realpolitik
 Practical
ideology
politics not based in
Franco-Prussian War [1870]
Reforms
France
King
Louis Napoleon
Created
Napoleon III
empire
(r.1852-1870
Very successful until war with
Prussia
France returned to republic
Reform
 Austria
 Ausgleich
1867
 Split into two:

Austria-Hungarian
Empire
Emperor Francis Joseph
(r. 1848-1916)
Reform
 Russia
 Czar

Alexander II
Emancipation of serfs
 Opposition
of conservatives
& demands of liberals forced
his return to repressive rule
Reforms
 Reforms
 Changes
brought about indirectly
by revolutions
 Britain
 Liberal

parliamentary reform
Queen Victoria’s sense of
respectability
 Promoted
stability
economic & political
Canadian Nation
 United
Provinces of Canada
 United
 British
upper & lower Canada
North American Act
 Parliamentary
move –feared
American intentions
 Dominion of Canada
Domestic self rule
 No control over foreign affairs

Reform in the U.S.
 Divisive
factor in U.S.
 Industrial
south
north / agricultural
 Lincoln
– dedicated to free
territories
 Southern economy base – slavery
 Democratic
politics brought many
into the fray
 Abolition
– source of division
Enduring Questions
 What
are the long and short-term
benefits of industrialism globally?
 What are the long and short-term
problems that have emerged locally
and globally as a result of
industrialism?
 What past and present problems in the
world can be traced to nationalism?