The Jefferson Era Obama said, “I Chapter 9 believe in American exceptionalism, just as I American Exceptionalism refers to the theory When asked during a trip abroad in 2009 whether he believed in American exceptionalism, suspect that theStates Brits occupies believe in Britishniche that the United a special exceptionalism andofthe among the nations theGreeks world in believe terms of in its national credo, historical evolution, political and Greek exceptionalism.” religious institutions and unique origins. The first http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/93495/the-exceptionalism-mythgoes-mainstream description of the belief is attributed to Alexis de Tocqueville, whoProgress claimed that the thenof America, of 1875 50-year-old United States held a special place The central figure wears a liberty cap, personifying America. Flying putti among nations, because itcrown was a country of (young children) dip down and her with a laurel wreath and lead her chariot, decorated with the modern American eagle and drawn by two white horses. immigrants and the first democracy. Four maidens accompany her, representing agriculture, medicine, the arts and In chapter 12mechanics. we will this belief expand andholding a In thesee right background, two Raphaelesque women follow behind these two steams a railroad locomotive. To the left, a group of merge with a tablet; growing belief that it is our ‘God Indians and buffalo flee the advance of this personification of civilization. Note the contemporary (1875) dress of one maiden. A California poppy can be seen given destiny’ to overspread the North American embedded on one of the chariot wheels. continent. These beliefs then will be referred to in chapter 12 as Manifest Destiny. The composition borrows from the early Renaissance. Chariot processions accompanied by childlike angels were popular, and the pose of America's arm reminds one of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam, in which God touches the finger of Adam and infuses him with life.* America the Moral "America is great because she is good. If America ceases to be good, America will cease to be great." -Alexis de Tocqueville 29 July 1805, – 16 April 1859 "I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the character of an honest man." --George Washington "If individuals be not influenced by moral principles; it is in vain to look for public virtue." ---James Madison “Our Constitution…was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other." -- John Adams (Address to the Military, 11 October 1798) Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era Section 1 Did You Know? Thomas Jefferson’s grave marker does not mention he was Monticello twice President of the United States! Monticello tour First Inaugural Address March 4, 1801 I. The Election of 1800 (Pages 278-279) Jefferson’s guiding principles FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS, “Called The election campaign of 1800 between Adams/Pinckney and Jefferson/Burr upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that Burr was very different from those of today portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me,…” “ Educate and inform the whole mass of the people. The election was deadlocked. Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral Enable them that it ishadtheir interest to preserve votes, so the Houseto of see Representatives to decide the election. The Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent the election of Jefferson. peace and order, Burr and they will preserve the only If [ones to rely on] “We all Republicans, we are Federalists. there befor are Hamilton distrusted but was notall athem…They friend of are Jefferson either. …But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethern of the same principle. the preservation our liberty…Thisrequest, reliance cannot deceive us, asvoted long asagainst we remain [good]; and I Finally,ofat Hamilton's one Federalist Burr, and any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to in think we shall…as long as agriculture is ourand principal we get piled up on one another Jefferson became president Burrobject…When vice president. large cities, its as in republican Europe, we shall become corrupt asthem in Europe, and go to eating one another as they do change form, let stand undisturbed as there” To avoid another election deadlock, Congress passed the 12th Amendment monuments of theinsafety Twelfth Amendment 1803. with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”… Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on (text) March 4,1801. "a wise and frugal government" . "support of state governments in all their rights“ Jefferson was a proponent of states' rights. He believed strong states would best protect freedom and that a large federal government would threaten liberty. He believed in Laissez-faire—let the people choose II. Jefferson's Policies (Page 280) Jefferson surrounded himself with men who shared his Republican principles. His cabinet had James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin Gallatin as secretary of the treasury. Under Jefferson the government allowed the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts to expire and repealed the Naturalization Act. Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the huge national debt. They cut back on military expenses by reducing the size of the army and navy. Jefferson and Gallatin also persuaded Congress to repeal federal internal taxes, including the whiskey tax. The government funds would come from customs duties, or taxes on imported goods, and from the sale of Western lands. The number of federal government employees was small under Jefferson. that Jefferson usually did not let his wealth interfere with his on principles. Boccieri, of Alliance, recently reflected his first and Jefferson cared about people. Answers will vary, but should include the idea only term as congressman, and he said he had no regrets about the health care vote or any of his other Jefferson was a wealthy landowner and a votes. http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4960725 slaveholder, although he believed in individual freedoms. He was also an excellent practical politician. (A) Do you think that his views of government would have been different had he not been wealthy or a slaveholder? (B) Should an elected official always reflect the views of their constituents or use their own conscience on most issues? Jefferson on the courts III. Jefferson and the Courts (Pages 280-281) The revolution of 1800…was as real a revolution in the principles The Federalists controlled the court even though of our government as that ofsystem 1776 was in its Jefferson was a Republican. The Federalists passed the form Judiciary Act of 1801 before Jefferson took office. …[it was not brought about] by the sword…but by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the [votes] of the people. The nation declared its will by dismissing [officeholders} of one principle, and electing those of another, in the two branches [of government], executive and legislative, [that were ] submitted to their election. Over the judiciary department, the Constitution had deprived the people of control …. Prior to Adams leaving office, he made hundreds of appointments to the courts. He also appointed John Marshall, (Marshall) his secretary of state, as chief justice of the United States after Chief Justice Ellsworth resigned. Adams and Marshall worked around the clock to process the papers (commissions) for these last-minute "midnight judges." A few of the commissions had not been processed when Jefferson took office on March 4. Jefferson told Madison, his secretary of state, to hold them. One of these was for William Marbury. III Continued The Supreme Court heard the case of Marbury v. Madison. went to the Supreme Court “For experience hasMarbury already shown that right the impeachment it has provided is not to force delivery of his commission. Marbury "The Constitution has become a thing to even aclaimed scare-crow... Thehe Constitution on this hypothesis isofof a wax mere that had jurisdiction as a result the thing be molded as Court sees fit" Jefferson of wax in the hands of judiciary, which they may twist and Judiciary Actthe of the 1789. Marshall turned down his Marshall said that." the Constitution shapeclaim. into any form they please Jefferson to Spencer Roane in 1819 did not give the Supreme Court jurisdiction to decide Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_did_Thomas_Jefferson_say_about_judicial_review#ixzz1C3XEvfpe Marbury's case. This was the first time that judicial review was used. Judicial review is the right of the Supreme Court to review and rule on acts of other branches of government. Today judicial review is a basic part of our government and is a way to check and balance the other branches of the government. Under Justice Marshall, who served as chief justice until 1835/ the Supreme Court became an equal partner in government due to Judicial Review. Marbury v. Madison & Judicial Review Did You Know? Chief Justice John Marshall. “…It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is…” Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson Justice Marshall’s house Richmond, Virginia, still stands. Many of his personal belongings are there, including his black robe, which he wore on the bench for 34 years Other Cases that strengthened the power of the federal government and the federal courts McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)-- Congress could est. a bank Cohens v. Virginia (1821)—Federal courts could review decisions of state courts Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)—Fed government had power to regulate interstate trade Adams, along with Chief Justice Marshall, attempted to process the commissions for judicial appointments until the final hours so that the court system would be full of “Federalist thinking” judges when Jefferson took office. Adams did not win the presidency, but did have a large impact on the courts. Presidents through history have made an impact as well by their Supreme Court appointments because justices serve for life or until they are too ill to serve the country. Why did John Adams make so many judicial appointments in the final hours of his presidency? http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/01/alitomouths-not-true-at-obama.html SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES CITIZENS UNITED v . FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Argued March 24, 2009—Reargued September 9, 2009––Decided January 21, 2010 Chapter 9, Section 2 Did You Know? In 1997 the United States government decided to mint a new dollar coin featuring a woman. Some of the women nominated by citizens to grace the coin included civil rights activists' Rosa Parks and Sojourner Truth, first ladies Martha Washington and Eleanor Roosevelt, and poet Emma Lazarus, among others. The winner? Sacagawea, the Native American woman who helped lead explorers Lewis and Clark westward. Lewis and Clark IV. Western Territory (Pages 282-283) A. Settlers in the less settled areas of the Northwest Territory and in Kentucky and Tennessee were pioneers. They loaded their belongings onto Conestoga wagons and made the long, tiring journey over the Appalachian Mountains to the area west of the Mississippi River known as the Louisiana Territory. The Louisiana Territory, a large area, belonged to Spain. The region extended from New Orleans in the south, west to the Rocky Mountains. It was undefined to the north. Many pioneers settled nearpossession the rivers that fed into the "The day that France takes of New upper Mississippi River. The Spanish allowed them to sail Orleanson… must marryand ourselves the British thewe lower Mississippi trade in Newto Orleans. fleet and nation." letter to the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston President Jefferson stated that In 1802 Spain changed its policy and refused to allow American goods to move into or past New Orleans. Jefferson confirmed that Spain had transferred the Louisiana Territory to France in a secret agreement. IV Continued EXTRA CREDIT Possibility coming up….. PEOPLE OF THE EARTH… “I was born a slave,authorized but nature Robert gave meLivingston, a soul of a free C. Jefferson the man….” new minister to France, to ATTENTION! offer as much as $10 million for New Orleans and West Florida. Toussaint Louverture “In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St-Domingue-it will spring back the roots, they in are numerous and deep.” from D. Because offor unrest Santo Domingo (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Napoleon had to cancel his “Toussaint is a in Negro and to in the jargon of war has plans in America. He sent troops crush a revolt been called a brigand. But according to all accounts he against French rule. Toussaint-Louverture, image a is a Negro born to vindicate the claims of this species former enslaved African, led the revolt. He helped drive and to show that the character of men is independent the British and from the island and end slavery of Spanish color” there. The French Toussaint-Louverture but Londoncaptured Gazette 12, 1798 did not regainDecember the island. Toussaint Louverture attitudes in England and the North were beginning to change William Wilberforce Slavery Abolition Act 1833, abolished slavery in most of the British Empire. V. A Northwest Passage? The Nation Expands (Pages 283-285) America bought the Louisiana Territory from France, not just New Orleans. The entire Louisiana Territory was for sale. Monroe and Livingston, negotiated a price of $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase. With this territory, the size of the United States doubled. Great American Desert was the name given, in the first half of the nineteenth century, to the area west of the Mississippi river. At the timeWhite Americans considered it to be unfit for habitation. The United States ratified the treaty with France in October 1803 to make the Louisiana Territory purchase legal. Jefferson was concerned because the Constitution said nothing about acquiring new territory. (see his bank argument) V. Continued Jefferson was interested in knowing more about the lands west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis Lewis and William Clark Clark to explore the new territory even before theresumed Louisiana Purchase wasClark, complete. At the expedition’s end, Clark treating York as his slave. relocating with his new wife to St. Louis, forced York to accompany them, even though York’s wife was owned in the Louisville, Kentucky, area. York, desperate to be reunited Jefferson expedition as to a free scientific adventure, with hissaw wife, the pleaded with his master him for his service on the whileClark Congress was interested in insolent commercial voyage. stubbornly refused. Finding York and sulky,possibilities Clark beat him and threatened sell future him to a more severe master. Clark finally granted York his and placestofor ports. freedom (1811) long after the expedition Outbound routeended. shown in red, inbound in blue. Great joy in Camp we are in view of the Ocean, Lewis and Clark put together a crew, including an this great Pacific Ocean which we been so long anxious to see and the roaring or noise named made by the waves braking rocky African American York, and on lefttheSt. Louis in shores (as I of suppose) be heard distinctly. the spring 1804.may After traveling nearly 4,000 miles in in his Voyage of Discovery journal 18 months, they reached—William the Clark Pacific Ocean. They spent the winter there traveled back along Clarkand Field Notes--Keelboat" William Clark different routes. " Mysterious death of Lewis Field Notes, 1804, page showing keelboat Imax Lewis & Clark Run Time: [42:20] 20 Sacagawea (c. 1790-1812 or 1884) Her Son “Pompy” Sacagawea’s son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, or “Pompy,” was three months old when the Corps of Discovery left Fort Mandan. His parents accepted William Clark’s offer to educate him, and he moved into Clark’s St. Louis home when he was six. At age 18, he went to Europe for six years with Duke Paul of Wuerttemburg, an enthusiastic early tourist of the American West. Returning to the U.S., Jean Baptiste became a mountain man and fur trader, and a guide whose clients included John C. Frémont. He later settled in California, and died in Oregon, en route to Montana, in 1866. near Jordan Valley, Oregon …'What,' said I, interrupting him 'is not this the Red river?' 'No, Sir! V. Continued the Rio del Norte.' I immediately ordered my flag to be taken down and rolled feeling how sensibly I hadexpedition committed myself in entering their up, Jefferson sent another to explore territory, and that they must haveZebulon positive orders theconscious wilderness. Lieutenant Piketo take me in." Zebulon Pike led two expeditions into a region (interactive map) Diary of Zebulon that isPike now Colorado. There he found a snowcapped mountain he called Grand Peak. Today it is called Pikes Peak. Peak Cam,Pike’s route animation world of nature video 6 minutes A group of Federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase planned to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. They were concerned that the new territory would become agricultural and Republican, and because it was so large, they would lose power. Significance of Louisiana Purchase 1. 2. 3. 4. Doubled size of the United States Increased store of natural resources Gave permanent control of Mississippi Strengthened national unity and made westerners grateful the federal govt. was safeguarding their interests 5. Promoted westward expansion 6. Forced Jefferson to modify his view of Constitution 7. Paved way for future struggle over slavery in the new territories. PEOPLE OF THE EARTH… V. Continued . They wanted to form aATTENTION! Northern Confederacy including New York. To get the New York support, the Federalists supported Aaron Burr forup….. governor of EXTRA CREDIT Possibility coming New York in 1804. Hamilton, who never trusted Burr, heard rumors that Burr had secretly agreed to lead New York out of the Union. Burr lost the election and blamed Hamilton. Old News Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel with armed pistols. It Hamilton's the 1804 graveyard took place on tomb Julyin11, in Weehawken, New of Trinity Church NY, atfirst Wallbut Street and Broadway Jersey. Hamilton fired missed actually injuring Burr. Burr, on the other hand, seriously wounded Hamilton, who died the next day. Burr fled so he would not be jailed. drawing info Chapter 9, Section 3 Did You Know? Thomas Jefferson founded the University of Virginia by securing its land, obtaining state funding, and designing its distinctive grounds and buildings. Jefferson devoted his last years to the project, completing the Rotunda in 1826, the same year he died. Jefferson claimed the University as one of his proudest achievements, along with authoring the Declaration of Independence andTheVirginia's statute on religious Lawn during winter, with tracks through the snow. At center is the freedom. Rotunda, which was the original library building at the head of Jefferson's Academical Village. VI. Americans in Foreign Seas (Pages 288-289) Many American merchant ships profited from trade with foreign nations in the late1700s and early 1800s. Sailing foreign waters could be dangerous, however. Ships had to watch for Barbary pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of North Africa. Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, may The United States entered a war with Tripoli. When the ruler of she Tripoli always be the in the right; but or wrong!” asked United Stated for our morecountry, money in right 1801, Jefferson Saint Peter's Episcopal Churchyard refused. War broke out. Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but Philadelphia the Barbary pirates were too powerful to be defeated. Stephen Decatur In 1804 the pirates seized the United States warship Philadelphia and towed it into Tripoli Harbor. When a United States navy captain Stephen Decatur and his raiding party burned the ship, a British admiral called it a "bold and daring act.“ Decatur killed in a duel in 1820 The conflict ended in June 1805 when Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute. However, the United States had to pay a 'ransom of $60,000 to release American prisoners. Answers will vary, but should include the idea If you were an American merchant shipper, (1)that these people were in business despite the would you have sailed during theprofits era of danger of the seas. (2) They made by the their goods with foreign nations, so they Barbary trading pirates? Would you sail today in risked capture. If they did not sail, they did not make money. Give reasons able to pirate infested waters? Whyand orbewhy not? substantiate them in discussion The "impressment" of American seamen. Both the French, in the Berlin and Milan VII Continued Decrees, and the English through their " Orders in Council ," attempted to prevent American merchants from bringing supplies to the other country. The English further angered Americans by seizing merchant seamen from the vessels that they stopped and searched, claiming that these men were really Englishmen and impressing them into the British navy. Great Britain and France were involved in a war that threatened to interfere with American trade. America traded with both Britain and France when they went to war in 1803. By 1805 Britain and France took action against America and its neutral rights. Britain blockaded the French coast and threatened to search all ships trading with France. France said it would search and seize ships trading with Britain. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348424 impressment 7:14 The British needed sailors, so they kidnapped American sailors. This practice of impressment did catch some deserters, but thousands of the impressed sailors were nativeborn and naturalized American citizens. VII. Continued The British attacked the American ship Chesapeake in June 1807. "War is not the best engine for us to resort to; nature Americans were atwhich the ifBritish has given us one in ourfurious commerce, properlywhen they heard ofathe Jefferson a managed, will be betterattack. instrument for obligingchose the disastrous trade ban in December 1807 interested nations of Europe to treat us with justice." -called Embargo ActPickney, . The 1797 hope was Thomas the Jefferson, letter to Thomas to hurt Britain. Instead, the embargo banned imports from and exports to all foreign countries. The act was a disaster. It wiped out all American commerce with other nations. It was also ineffective against Britain because it traded with Latin America for agricultural goods. The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle "Ograbme“-- is 'Embargo' spelled backwards Known in North American folklore as the “Ograbme” (embargo spelled backwards) the snapping turtle earned a place in the history of our southern neighbors, becoming a feature in political cartoons commenting on the 1807 Jeffersonian embargo act which banned trade between the United States and other nations. . On March 1, 1809, Congress repealed the act and passed the Nonintercourse Act. prohibited trade with only Britain and France and their colonial possessions. (This act repealed on 1 May 1810 in favor of what became known as Macon's Bill No. 2, which reopened trade with which ever power recognized our neutral trading rights would put us on a course for war with Britain) The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Q Replaced the Embargo Act. Q Remained U. S. policy until 1812. Q Unexpected Consequences: N. Eng. was forced to become self- sufficient again [old factories reopened]. Laid the groundwork for US industrial power. Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!! Jefferson announced his departure after two terms. The candidates nominated were Madison for the Republicans and Pinckney for the Federalists. Madison won with 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47. It killed American commerce by banning imports from and exports to all foreign countries, and it did not hurt Britain, which was the true target. Congress realized its mistake and repealed the act, through probably too late. Why was the Embargo Act such a disaster? “The present situation of the indeed without and® snack that of Roy world Nafziger,is IBC’s founder, describedahisparallel, Dolly Madison “…One year ago, I cakes took office amid two wars, an at their introduction in 1937.ofRoy’s fascination with the more First Lady our own country full of difficulties. The pressure these, too, is the Dolley Madison lent him the name and inspiration to create a high (Pages 292-294) economy byhave a severe a yetfinancial severely felt rocked because they fallen upon us atlike a Madison moment when the quality snack fit for recession, a socialite affordable for everyone. Dolly Madisonnot is credited withattained, creating thethe rolecontrast of the First Lady. national prosperity being at a height before system on the verge of collapse, and a government resulting Whenfrom James Madison took office, the change has been rendered the the morecountry striking…”was VIII. War Fever deeply in debt. fromcrisis across thethe political suffering from Experts the embargo and possibility James Madison first inaugural address of war. spectrum warned that if we did not act, we might face The war cry grew close, but it was hard to determine a second if the enemy depression.” was France or Britain. In 1801 Congress passed law permitting direct trade with …So we face bigaand difficult challenges. either France or Britain. Impressment however was And…” Barak Obama’s 1 Inaugural Address a major source of anger toward England 2nd paragraph st The country also had problems in the West. Between 1801 and 1810, white settlers continued to move onto lands that had been guaranteed to Native Americans. VIII Cont. Ohio became a state in 1803. Native Americans renewed their associations with British agents and fur “The being within, communing with past ages, tells traders in Canada for protection. me that until lately there was no white man on this Some Native a confederacy continent. It then allAmericans belonged built to red men, children among their nations in the Northwest. They of the same were parents,…” led by Tecumseh, Tecumseh a Shawnee chief. Tecumseh believed that the treaties From a speech Tecumsehwith made separate to Governor Native Harrison.American Voices of Freedom p.81-8 nations were worthless and the land was Tecumseh meant for Native Americans to live on. VIII. Cont. Tecumseh's brother, the Prophet, attracted a huge following with his teachings. The Prophet Tecumseh met with the white people and the governor of the Indiana Territory, General William Henry Harrison, after Harrison had warned him of the weakness of a Native American-British alliance and the power of the United States against them. Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the Prophet's forces fled. Unfortunately for the Americans, Tecumseh and the British forces united as a result of the American victory. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104 Battle of Tippecanoe 2:03 min Captain of British Ship the Leander Basil Hall VIII. Cont. “IThe War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John refer to the impressment of those seamen who we Calhoun from South Carolina, pushed for the president to declare war withon Britain. The Federalistsmerchant in the Northeast found serving board American ships remained opposed to war. John C. Calhoun but who were known to be or supposed be British Henryto Clay subjects. The War Hawks were eager to expand the nation's power. To place the full annoyance of these matters in a light to be viewed fairly by English people, let us By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled through additional military spending. suppose…? Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of American patriotism. Voices of Freedom p.80 On June I, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, concluding that war with Britain was inevitable. At the same time, Britain ended their policy of searching and seizing American ships. However, because the news took so long to travel across the ocean, the United States did not know of the change. Overview of the War of 1812 In August 1812 The USS Constitution met the British frigate Guerrier off coast of Maine and defeated it as well as the Java in another famous battle. The Constitution was the most famous ship to ever have flown the American flag. USS Essex commanded by Capt. David Porter. “The Essex was like a wolf in a pasture of unguarded sheep” The USS United States commanded by Stephen Decatur was another successful frigate Did You Know? Although Francis Scott Key wrote the lyrics in 1814 to what eventually was called "The Star-Spangled Banner”, it originally was called "Defense of Fort McHenry'” and wasn't adopted as our national anthem until March 3, 1931. Some suggest a less war- like song such as America the Beautiful should be the nation’s anthem . 42 IX. War Begins (Pages 296-298) The United States was unprepared for the war. It had a government that provided no leadership, a small army of 7,000, and state militias with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers, some of whom were too old to fight. The war began in July 1812. General William Hull led the army from Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat. General William Henry Harrison made another attempt without luck and decided that as long as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would not be able to invade Canada. Naval battles were more successful. On September 10, 1813, after a bloody battle along Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard Perry, Oliver Hazard Perry American ships destroyed the British naval force. Although they lost the Revolutionary War, the British caused trouble for the United States from their stronghold in Canada. Trace the Great Lakes' importance in the War of 1812. 3:53 IX. Cont. British troops and their Native American allies tried to pull back from Detroit now that America controlled Lake Erie. In the Battle of the Thames on October 5, Tecumseh was killed when Harrison and his troops cut off the British and Native American forces. Canada remained unconquered, although Americans attacked York (present-day Toronto), burning the Parliament buildings. The war at sea saw more victories. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317456 Battle of Horseshoe Bend 8:12 The Native Americans had some setbacks. When Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native American confederation also died. In March 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi Territory, Jackson attacked and defeated the Creeks. They were forced to give up most of their lands in the United States. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns X. The British Offensive (Pages 298-300) In the spring of 1814, the British won the war with the French. Now they could send more troops to America. On August 24,1814, the British marched into the capital of Washington, D.C., burning and destroying the city. The British then went on to attack Baltimore, but Baltimore was ready. The British attacked but could not enter. Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and some 13,000 militiamen stood guard. Frances Scott Key wrote the "Star-Spangled Banner" to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the American flag still flying over Fort McHenry when the battle was over. Sept. 13-14, 1814 X. Continued C. The British goal to capture Plattsburgh, a key city on the shore of Lake Champlain, was stopped when the American naval force on Lake Champlain defeated the British fleet on the lake on September 11, 1814. Knowing the American ships could overtake them, the British retreated to Canada. D. The British decided after the Battle of Lake Champlain loss that the war in North America was too costly and unnecessary. In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, American and British representatives signed the Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent to end the war. The treaty did not change any of the existing borders. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317457 Jackson defeats the British 15min. E. One final battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed but before word reached the United States of the peace agreement. The Battle of New Orleans in December 1814 was a bloody battle in which the Americans were victorious. led the American army and became a hero. His fame helped him later win the presidency in 1827. Battle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOf New Orleans (British Answer) - Andrew Jackson Jimmy Driftwood The Battle of New Orleans, 1815 The Federalists in New England had opposed the war from the start. At the Hartford Convention, they drew up a list of proposed amendments to the constitution. Once the word came of Jackson's victory and the peace treaty, their grievances seemed unpatriotic and their party lost favor. Essay Questions Pick one of the questions below to prepare for tomorrow’s test How do today’s elections differ from the election of 1800? Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 divide the American People?