The Jefferson Era
Obama said, “I
Chapter 9
believe
in
American
exceptionalism,
just
as
I
 American Exceptionalism refers to the theory
When asked during a trip abroad in 2009 whether he believed in American exceptionalism,
suspect
that
theStates
Brits occupies
believe in
Britishniche
that the
United
a special
exceptionalism
andofthe
among the nations
theGreeks
world in believe
terms of in
its
national
credo, historical evolution, political and
Greek
exceptionalism.”
religious institutions and unique origins. The first
http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/93495/the-exceptionalism-mythgoes-mainstream
description of the belief is attributed to Alexis
de Tocqueville, whoProgress
claimed that the thenof America, of 1875
50-year-old United States held a special place
The central figure wears a liberty cap, personifying America. Flying putti
among nations,
because
itcrown
was
a country
of
(young children)
dip down and
her with
a laurel wreath and
lead her
chariot, decorated
with the modern
American eagle and
drawn by two white horses.
immigrants and
the
first
democracy.
Four maidens accompany her, representing agriculture, medicine, the arts and
In chapter 12mechanics.
we will
this belief
expand
andholding a
In thesee
right background,
two Raphaelesque
women follow
behind these two steams a railroad locomotive. To the left, a group of
merge with a tablet;
growing
belief that it is our ‘God
Indians and buffalo flee the advance of this personification of civilization. Note
the contemporary
(1875) dress of one
maiden.
A California
poppy can be seen
given destiny’
to overspread
the
North
American
embedded on one of the chariot wheels.
continent. These
beliefs then will be referred to
in chapter 12 as Manifest Destiny.
The composition borrows from the early Renaissance. Chariot processions accompanied by childlike angels
were popular, and the pose of America's arm reminds one of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam, in which God
touches the finger of Adam and infuses him with life.*
America the Moral
 "America is great
because she is good. If
America ceases to be
good, America will
cease to be great." -Alexis de Tocqueville
29 July 1805, – 16 April
1859
 "I hope I shall always
possess firmness and
virtue enough to
maintain what I
consider the most
enviable of all titles, the
character of an honest
man." --George
Washington
 "If individuals be not
influenced by moral
principles; it is in
vain to look for public virtue."
---James Madison
 “Our Constitution…was made
only for a moral and religious
people. It is wholly inadequate
to the government of any
other."
-- John Adams (Address to the
Military, 11 October 1798)
Chapter 9
The Jefferson Era
Section 1
 Did You Know?
 Thomas Jefferson’s
grave marker does
not mention he was
Monticello
twice President of
the United States!


Monticello tour
First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1801
I. The Election of 1800 (Pages 278-279)
Jefferson’s guiding principles
FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS,
“Called
The
election campaign of 1800 between Adams/Pinckney and Jefferson/Burr
upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that
Burr
was
very different
from
those
of today
portion
of my
fellow-citizens
which is here
assembled
to express
my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have
been pleased to look toward me,…”
“ Educate and inform the whole mass of the people.
 The election was deadlocked. Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral
Enable
them
that it ishadtheir
interest
to preserve
votes, so the
Houseto
of see
Representatives
to decide
the election.
The
Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent the election of Jefferson.
peace
and
order, Burr
and they
will
preserve
the only If
[ones
to rely on]
“We
all Republicans,
we
are
Federalists.
there
befor
 are
Hamilton
distrusted
but
was
notall
athem…They
friend
of are
Jefferson
either.
…But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethern of the same
principle.
the preservation
our
liberty…Thisrequest,
reliance cannot
deceive us, asvoted
long asagainst
we remain
[good];
and I
Finally,ofat
Hamilton's
one Federalist
Burr,
and
any
among
us
who
would
wish
to
dissolve
this
Union
or
to in
think we
shall…as long
as agriculture
is ourand
principal
we get piled up on one another
Jefferson
became
president
Burrobject…When
vice president.
large cities, its
as in republican
Europe, we shall become
corrupt
asthem
in Europe,
and go to
eating one another as
they do
change
form,
let
stand
undisturbed
as
 there”
To avoid another election deadlock, Congress passed the 12th Amendment
monuments
of theinsafety
Twelfth Amendment
1803. with which error of opinion may
be
tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”…
 Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on (text) March 4,1801.
 "a wise and frugal government" .
 "support of state governments in all their rights“

Jefferson was a proponent of states' rights. He believed strong states would
best protect freedom and that a large federal government would threaten
liberty. He believed in Laissez-faire—let the people choose
II. Jefferson's Policies (Page 280)
 Jefferson surrounded himself with men who shared his Republican
principles. His cabinet had James Madison as secretary of state
and Albert Gallatin Gallatin as secretary of the treasury.
 Under Jefferson the government allowed the unpopular Alien and
Sedition Acts to expire and repealed the Naturalization Act.
 Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the huge national debt.
They cut back on military expenses by reducing the size of the
army and navy.
 Jefferson and Gallatin also persuaded Congress to repeal federal
internal taxes, including the whiskey tax. The government funds
would come from customs duties, or taxes on imported
goods, and from the sale of Western lands.
 The number of federal government employees was small under
Jefferson.
that Jefferson usually
did
not let his
wealth interfere
with his on
principles.
Boccieri,
of Alliance,
recently reflected
his first and
Jefferson cared about people.
Answers will vary, but should include the idea
only term as congressman, and he said he had no
regrets about the health care vote or any of his other
Jefferson
was a wealthy landowner and a
votes. http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4960725
slaveholder, although he believed in individual
freedoms. He was also an excellent practical
politician. (A) Do you think that his views of
government would have been different had he
not been wealthy or a slaveholder?
(B) Should an elected official always reflect the
views of their constituents or use their own
conscience on most issues?
Jefferson on the courts
III. Jefferson and the Courts
(Pages 280-281)
The revolution of 1800…was as real a revolution in the
principles
The Federalists
controlled the
court
even
though
of our government
as that
ofsystem
1776 was
in its
Jefferson was a Republican. The Federalists passed the
form
Judiciary Act of 1801 before Jefferson took office.
…[it was not brought about] by the sword…but by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the [votes] of the people. The nation declared
its will by dismissing [officeholders} of one principle, and electing those of another, in the two branches [of government], executive and legislative, [that were ]
submitted to their election. Over the judiciary department, the Constitution had deprived the people of control
….
 Prior to Adams leaving office, he made hundreds of
appointments to the courts. He also appointed John
Marshall, (Marshall) his secretary of state, as chief justice
of the United States after Chief Justice Ellsworth
resigned.
 Adams and Marshall worked around the clock to process
the papers (commissions) for these last-minute "midnight
judges." A few of the commissions had not been
processed when Jefferson took office on March 4.
Jefferson told Madison, his secretary of state, to hold
them. One of these was for William Marbury.
III Continued
 The Supreme Court heard the case of Marbury v.
Madison.
went
to the Supreme
Court
“For experience
hasMarbury
already shown
that right
the impeachment
it has provided
is not
to
force
delivery
of
his
commission.
Marbury
"The
Constitution
has
become
a thing
to
even
aclaimed
scare-crow...
Thehe
Constitution
on this hypothesis
isofof
a wax
mere
that
had
jurisdiction
as
a result
the thing
be
molded
as
Court
sees
fit"
Jefferson
of
wax
in the hands
of
judiciary,
which
they
may
twist
and
Judiciary
Actthe
of the
1789.
Marshall
turned
down
his
Marshall
said
that." the
Constitution
shapeclaim.
into any
form they
please
Jefferson
to Spencer Roane in 1819 did not
give the Supreme Court jurisdiction to decide
Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_did_Thomas_Jefferson_say_about_judicial_review#ixzz1C3XEvfpe
Marbury's case.
 This was the first time that judicial review was used.
Judicial review is the right of the Supreme Court to
review and rule on acts of other branches of
government.
 Today judicial review is a basic part of our
government and is a way to check and balance the
other branches of the government.
 Under Justice Marshall, who served as chief justice
until 1835/ the Supreme Court became an equal partner
in government due to Judicial Review.
Marbury v. Madison &
Judicial Review
Did You Know?
Chief Justice John Marshall.
 “…It is
emphatically
the province
and duty of the
judicial
department to
say what the
law is…”
Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents:
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James
Monroe, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
Justice Marshall’s house
Richmond, Virginia, still stands.
Many of his personal belongings are
there, including his black robe, which
he wore on the bench for 34 years
Other Cases that strengthened the power
of the federal government and the federal courts
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)-- Congress could est. a bank
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)—Federal courts could review decisions
of state courts
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)—Fed government had power to regulate
interstate trade
Adams, along with Chief Justice Marshall, attempted to
process the commissions for judicial appointments
until the final hours so that the court system would
be full of “Federalist thinking” judges when Jefferson
took office. Adams did not win the presidency, but did
have a large impact on the courts. Presidents through
history have made an impact as well by their Supreme
Court appointments because justices serve for life or
until they are too ill to serve the country.
Why did John Adams make so many
judicial appointments in the final hours of his
presidency? http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/01/alitomouths-not-true-at-obama.html
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
CITIZENS UNITED v . FEDERAL ELECTION
COMMISSION
Argued March 24, 2009—Reargued September 9, 2009––Decided
January 21, 2010
Chapter 9, Section 2
 Did You Know?
 In 1997 the United States
government decided to mint
a new dollar coin featuring a
woman. Some of the women
nominated by citizens to
grace the coin included civil
rights activists' Rosa Parks
and Sojourner Truth, first
ladies Martha Washington
and Eleanor Roosevelt, and
poet Emma Lazarus, among
others. The winner?
Sacagawea, the Native
American woman who
helped lead explorers Lewis
and Clark westward.
 Lewis and Clark
IV. Western Territory (Pages 282-283)
 A. Settlers in the less settled areas of the Northwest Territory
and in Kentucky and Tennessee were pioneers. They loaded
their belongings onto Conestoga wagons and made the long,
tiring journey over the Appalachian Mountains to the area
west of the Mississippi River known as the Louisiana Territory.
 The Louisiana Territory, a large area, belonged to
Spain. The region extended from New Orleans in the
south, west to the Rocky Mountains. It was undefined
to the north.
 Many
pioneers
settled
nearpossession
the rivers that fed
into
the
"The day
that
France
takes
of
New
upper Mississippi River. The Spanish allowed them to sail
Orleanson…
must
marryand
ourselves
the British
thewe
lower
Mississippi
trade in Newto
Orleans.
fleet and nation."
letter to the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston President Jefferson stated that
 In 1802 Spain changed its policy and refused to allow
American goods to move into or past New Orleans. Jefferson
confirmed that Spain had transferred the Louisiana Territory to
France in a secret agreement.
IV Continued
EXTRA CREDIT Possibility coming up…..
PEOPLE OF THE EARTH…
“I was
born
a slave,authorized
but nature Robert
gave meLivingston,
a soul of a free
 C.
Jefferson
the man….”
new
minister to France, to ATTENTION!
offer as much as $10 million for
New Orleans and West Florida.
Toussaint Louverture
“In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the
trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St-Domingue-it will spring
back
the roots,
they in
are
numerous
and deep.”
 from
D. Because
offor
unrest
Santo
Domingo
(now Haiti and
the Dominican Republic), Napoleon had to cancel his
“Toussaint
is a in
Negro
and to
in the
jargon
of war has
plans in America.
He sent
troops
crush
a revolt
been
called
a brigand. But according
to all accounts
he
against French
rule.
Toussaint-Louverture,
image
a
is a Negro born to vindicate the claims of this species
former enslaved
African, led the revolt. He helped drive
and to show that the character of men is independent
the British and
from the island and end slavery
of Spanish
color”
there. The French
Toussaint-Louverture but
Londoncaptured
Gazette
12, 1798
did not regainDecember
the island.
Toussaint Louverture
attitudes in England and the North were beginning to change
William Wilberforce Slavery Abolition Act 1833,
abolished slavery in most of the British Empire.
V.
A Northwest Passage?
The Nation Expands
(Pages 283-285)
 America bought the Louisiana Territory from France,
not just New Orleans. The entire Louisiana Territory
was for sale. Monroe and Livingston, negotiated a
price of $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase. With
this territory, the size of the United States doubled.
Great American Desert was the name given, in the first
half of the nineteenth century, to the area west of the Mississippi river.
At the timeWhite Americans considered it to be unfit for habitation.
 The United States ratified the treaty with France in
October 1803 to make the Louisiana Territory
purchase legal. Jefferson was concerned because the
Constitution said nothing about acquiring new
territory.
(see his bank argument)
V. Continued
 Jefferson was interested in knowing more about the lands
west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson sent Meriwether
Lewis Lewis and William Clark Clark to explore the new
territory
even before
theresumed
Louisiana
Purchase
wasClark,
complete.
At the expedition’s
end, Clark
treating
York as his slave.
relocating
with his new wife to St. Louis, forced York to accompany them, even though
York’s wife was owned in the Louisville, Kentucky, area. York, desperate to be
 reunited
Jefferson
expedition
as to
a free
scientific
adventure,
with hissaw
wife, the
pleaded
with his master
him for his
service on the
whileClark
Congress
was
interested
in insolent
commercial
voyage.
stubbornly
refused.
Finding York
and sulky,possibilities
Clark beat him
and
threatened
sell future
him to a more
severe master. Clark finally granted York his
and
placestofor
ports.
freedom (1811) long after
the expedition
Outbound
routeended.
shown in red, inbound in blue.
Great joy in Camp we are in view of the Ocean,
 Lewis
and Clark put together a crew, including an
this great Pacific Ocean which we been so long anxious to see
and the roaring
or noise named
made by the
waves braking
rocky
African
American
York,
and on
lefttheSt.
Louis in
shores
(as I of
suppose)
be heard
distinctly.
the
spring
1804.may
After
traveling
nearly 4,000 miles in
in his Voyage of Discovery journal
18 months, they reached—William
the Clark
Pacific
Ocean.
 They spent the winter there
traveled
back along
Clarkand
Field
Notes--Keelboat"
William Clark
different routes.
"
Mysterious death of Lewis
Field Notes, 1804, page showing keelboat
Imax Lewis & Clark Run Time: [42:20]
20
Sacagawea
(c. 1790-1812 or 1884)
 Her Son “Pompy”
 Sacagawea’s son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, or
“Pompy,” was three months old when the Corps of
Discovery left Fort Mandan. His parents accepted
William Clark’s offer to educate him, and he moved into
Clark’s St. Louis home when he was six. At age 18, he
went to Europe for six years with Duke Paul of
Wuerttemburg, an enthusiastic early tourist of the
American West. Returning to the U.S., Jean Baptiste
became a mountain man and fur trader, and a guide
whose clients included John C. Frémont. He later settled
in California, and died in Oregon, en route to Montana, in
1866.
near Jordan Valley, Oregon
…'What,' said I, interrupting
him 'is not this the Red river?' 'No, Sir!
V. Continued
the Rio del Norte.' I immediately ordered my flag to be taken down and
rolled
feeling how
sensibly
I hadexpedition
committed myself
in entering their
 up,
Jefferson
sent
another
to explore
territory, and
that they
must haveZebulon
positive orders
theconscious
wilderness.
Lieutenant
Piketo take me
in." Zebulon Pike led two expeditions into a region
(interactive
map)
Diary of Zebulon
that isPike
now
Colorado. There he found a
snowcapped mountain he called Grand Peak.
Today it is called Pikes Peak.
Peak Cam,Pike’s route animation world of nature video 6 minutes
A group of Federalists who opposed the Louisiana
Purchase planned to secede, or withdraw, from
the Union. They were concerned that the new
territory would become agricultural and
Republican, and because it was so large, they
would lose power.
Significance of Louisiana Purchase




1.
2.
3.
4.
Doubled size of the United States
Increased store of natural resources
Gave permanent control of Mississippi
Strengthened national unity and made
westerners grateful the federal govt. was
safeguarding their interests
 5. Promoted westward expansion
 6. Forced Jefferson to modify his view of
Constitution
 7. Paved way for future struggle over slavery
in the new territories.
PEOPLE OF THE EARTH…
V. Continued
 . They wanted to form aATTENTION!
Northern Confederacy
including New York. To get the New York support, the
Federalists
supported
Aaron Burr
forup…..
governor of
EXTRA CREDIT
Possibility
coming
New York in 1804.
 Hamilton, who never trusted Burr, heard rumors that
Burr had secretly agreed to lead New York out of the
Union. Burr lost the election and blamed Hamilton.
 Old News
 Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel with armed pistols. It
Hamilton's
the 1804
graveyard
took place
on tomb
Julyin11,
in Weehawken,
New
of Trinity
Church
NY, atfirst
Wallbut
Street
and Broadway
Jersey.
Hamilton
fired
missed
actually injuring
Burr. Burr, on the other hand, seriously wounded
Hamilton, who died the next day. Burr fled so he would
not be jailed.
drawing
info
Chapter 9, Section 3
 Did You Know?
 Thomas Jefferson founded the University of
Virginia by securing its land, obtaining state
funding, and designing its distinctive grounds
and buildings. Jefferson devoted his last years to
the project, completing the Rotunda in 1826, the
same year he died. Jefferson claimed the
University as one of his proudest achievements,
along with authoring the Declaration of
Independence andTheVirginia's
statute
on religious
Lawn during winter, with
tracks
through the snow. At center is the
freedom.
Rotunda, which was the original library
building at the head of Jefferson's
Academical Village.
VI. Americans in Foreign Seas
(Pages 288-289)
 Many American merchant ships profited from trade with foreign
nations in the late1700s and early 1800s.
 Sailing foreign waters could be dangerous, however. Ships had to
watch for Barbary pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast
states of North Africa.
Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, may
 The United States entered a war with Tripoli. When the ruler of
she Tripoli
always
be the
in the
right;
but
or wrong!”
asked
United
Stated
for our
morecountry,
money in right
1801, Jefferson
Saint Peter's
Episcopal
Churchyard
refused.
War broke
out. Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but
Philadelphia
the
Barbary pirates were too powerful to be defeated.
Stephen
Decatur
 In 1804 the pirates seized the United States warship
Philadelphia and towed it into Tripoli Harbor. When a United States
navy captain Stephen Decatur and his raiding party burned the
ship, a British admiral called it a "bold and daring act.“ Decatur killed
in a duel in 1820
 The conflict ended in June 1805 when Tripoli agreed to stop
demanding tribute. However, the United States had to pay a
'ransom of $60,000 to release American prisoners.
Answers will vary, but should include the idea
 If you were
an American merchant shipper,
(1)that these people were in business despite the
would you
have
sailed
during
theprofits
era of
danger
of the
seas. (2)
They made
by the
their goods with foreign nations, so they
Barbary trading
pirates?
Would you sail today in
risked capture. If they did not sail, they did not
make money.
Give reasons
able to
pirate infested
waters?
Whyand
orbewhy
not?
substantiate them in discussion
The "impressment" of American
seamen. Both the French, in the Berlin and Milan
VII Continued
Decrees, and the English through their " Orders in Council ," attempted to prevent
American merchants from bringing supplies to the other country. The English further
angered Americans by seizing merchant seamen from the vessels that they stopped and
searched, claiming that these men were really Englishmen and impressing them into the
British navy.
 Great Britain and France were involved in a
war that threatened to interfere with American
trade. America traded with both Britain and
France when they went to war in 1803.
 By 1805 Britain and France took action against
America and its neutral rights. Britain
blockaded the French coast and threatened to
search all ships trading with France. France said
it would search and seize ships trading with
Britain. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348424 impressment 7:14
 The British needed sailors, so they kidnapped
American sailors. This practice of
impressment did catch some deserters, but
thousands of the impressed sailors were nativeborn and naturalized American citizens.
VII. Continued
 The British attacked the American ship
Chesapeake in June 1807.

"War is not the best engine for us to resort to; nature
Americans
were
atwhich
the ifBritish
has given us one
in ourfurious
commerce,
properlywhen
they
heard
ofathe
Jefferson
a
managed,
will be
betterattack.
instrument
for obligingchose
the
disastrous
trade
ban in
December
1807
interested nations
of Europe
to treat
us with justice."
-called
Embargo
ActPickney,
. The 1797
hope was
Thomas the
Jefferson,
letter to Thomas
to hurt Britain. Instead, the embargo
banned imports from and exports
to all foreign countries. The act was a
disaster. It wiped out all American
commerce with other nations. It was also
ineffective against Britain because it
traded with Latin America for
agricultural goods.
The Embargo Act (1807)
The “OGRABME” Turtle
"Ograbme“-- is 'Embargo' spelled backwards
Known in North American folklore as the “Ograbme” (embargo
spelled backwards) the snapping turtle earned a place in the
history of our southern neighbors, becoming a feature in
political cartoons commenting on the 1807 Jeffersonian
embargo act which banned trade between the United States
and other nations.
. On March 1, 1809,
Congress repealed the act
and passed the
Nonintercourse Act.
prohibited trade with only
Britain and France and their
colonial possessions.
(This act repealed on 1
May 1810 in favor of what became known as Macon's Bill No. 2, which
reopened trade with which ever power recognized our neutral trading rights
would put us on a course for war with Britain)
The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Q
Replaced the Embargo Act.
Q
Remained U. S. policy until 1812.
Q
Unexpected Consequences:
 N. Eng. was forced to become self-
sufficient again [old factories
reopened].
 Laid the groundwork for US
industrial power.
 Jefferson, a critic of an industrial
America, ironically contributed to
Hamilton’s view of the US!!!
 Jefferson announced his departure after
two terms. The candidates nominated
were Madison for the Republicans and
Pinckney for the Federalists. Madison
won with 122 electoral votes to
Pinckney's 47.
It killed American commerce by banning imports
from and exports to all foreign countries, and it
did not hurt Britain, which was the true target.
Congress realized its mistake and repealed the
act, through probably too late.
Why was the Embargo Act such a disaster?
“The present situation of the
indeed
without
and® snack
that of
Roy world
Nafziger,is
IBC’s
founder,
describedahisparallel,
Dolly Madison
“…One
year ago, I cakes
took
office
amid
two
wars,
an
at their
introduction
in 1937.ofRoy’s
fascination
with
the more
First Lady
our own country full of difficulties.
The
pressure
these,
too,
is
the
Dolley
Madison
lent him the name and inspiration to create a high
(Pages
292-294)
economy
byhave
a
severe
a yetfinancial
severely felt rocked
because they
fallen
upon
us atlike
a Madison
moment
when
the
quality snack fit for recession,
a socialite
affordable
for everyone.
Dolly
Madisonnot
is credited
withattained,
creating thethe
rolecontrast
of the First Lady.
national prosperity
being at
a height
before
system
on
the
verge
of
collapse,
and
a
government
 resulting
Whenfrom
James
Madison
took
office,
the change
has been
rendered
the the
morecountry
striking…”was
VIII. War Fever
deeply
in debt.
fromcrisis
across
thethe
political
suffering
from Experts
the embargo
and
possibility
James
Madison first inaugural address
of war.
spectrum
warned that if we did not act, we might
face
The war cry grew close, but it was hard to determine
a second
if the
enemy depression.”
was France or Britain. In 1801
Congress
passed
law permitting
direct trade with
…So
we face
bigaand
difficult challenges.
either France
or Britain. Impressment however was
And…”
Barak Obama’s 1 Inaugural Address
a major source of anger toward England
2nd paragraph
st
 The country also had problems in the West.
Between 1801 and 1810, white settlers continued to
move onto lands that had been guaranteed to Native
Americans.
VIII Cont.
 Ohio became a state in 1803.
 Native Americans renewed their
associations with British agents and fur
“The being
within,
communing
with past ages, tells
traders
in Canada
for protection.
me that until lately there was no white man on this
 Some
Native
a confederacy
continent.
It then
allAmericans
belonged built
to red
men, children
among their nations in the Northwest. They
of the same
were parents,…”
led by Tecumseh, Tecumseh a
Shawnee chief. Tecumseh believed that
the treaties
From a speech
Tecumsehwith
made separate
to Governor Native
Harrison.American
Voices of Freedom
p.81-8
nations
were worthless and the land was
Tecumseh
meant for Native Americans to live on.
VIII. Cont.




Tecumseh's brother, the Prophet, attracted a
huge following with his teachings. The Prophet
Tecumseh met with the white people and the
governor of the Indiana Territory,
General William Henry Harrison, after
Harrison had warned him of the weakness of a
Native American-British alliance and the
power of the United States against them.
Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the
Prophet's forces fled. Unfortunately for the
Americans, Tecumseh and the British
forces united as a result of the American
victory. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104 Battle of
Tippecanoe 2:03 min
Captain of British Ship the Leander Basil Hall
VIII. Cont.
“IThe
War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John
refer
to the impressment of those seamen who we
Calhoun from South Carolina, pushed for the president to
declare
war withon
Britain.
The
Federalistsmerchant
in the Northeast
found
serving
board
American
ships
remained opposed
to war.
John C. Calhoun
but who were known to be or supposed
be British
Henryto
Clay
subjects.
 The War Hawks were eager to expand the nation's
power.
To
place the full annoyance of these matters in a
light
to be viewed fairly by English people, let us
 By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled through
additional military spending.
suppose…?
 Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of
American patriotism.
Voices of Freedom p.80
 On June I, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration
of war, concluding that war with Britain was inevitable. At the
same time, Britain ended their policy of searching and seizing
American ships. However, because the news took so long to
travel across the ocean, the United States did not know of the
change.
Overview
of the
War
of
1812
In August 1812 The USS Constitution met the British frigate Guerrier off
coast of Maine and defeated it as well as the Java in another famous battle.
The Constitution was the most famous ship to ever have flown the American
flag. USS Essex commanded by Capt. David Porter. “The Essex was like
a wolf in a pasture of unguarded sheep” The USS United States
commanded by Stephen Decatur was another successful frigate
Did You Know?
 Although Francis
Scott Key wrote the
lyrics in 1814 to what
eventually was called
"The Star-Spangled
Banner”, it originally
was called "Defense of
Fort McHenry'” and
wasn't adopted as our
national anthem until
March 3, 1931. Some
suggest a less war- like
song such as America
the Beautiful should be
the nation’s anthem .
42
IX. War Begins (Pages 296-298)
 The United States was unprepared for the war. It had a government that
provided no leadership, a small army of 7,000, and state militias with
50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers, some of whom were too old
to fight.
 The war began in July 1812. General William Hull led the army
from Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat. General William
Henry Harrison made another attempt without luck and decided that
as long as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would not be able to
invade Canada.
 Naval battles were more successful. On September 10, 1813, after a
bloody battle along Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard Perry, Oliver
Hazard Perry American ships destroyed the British naval force.
Although they lost the Revolutionary War, the British caused trouble for the United States from their
stronghold in Canada. Trace the Great Lakes' importance in the War of 1812. 3:53
IX. Cont.
 British troops and their Native American allies tried to
pull back from Detroit now that America controlled
Lake Erie. In the Battle of the Thames on
October 5, Tecumseh was killed when Harrison
and his troops cut off the British and Native American
forces.
 Canada remained unconquered, although Americans
attacked York (present-day Toronto), burning the
Parliament buildings.
 The war at sea saw more victories.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317456 Battle of Horseshoe Bend 8:12
 The Native Americans had some setbacks. When
Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native American
confederation also died. In March 1814, at the Battle of
Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi Territory, Jackson
attacked and defeated the Creeks. They were forced to
give up most of their lands in the United States.
Jackson’s Florida Campaigns
X.
The British Offensive
(Pages 298-300)
 In the spring of 1814, the British won the war with the
French. Now they could send more troops to America.
On August 24,1814, the British marched into the capital
of Washington, D.C., burning and destroying the city.
 The British then went on to attack Baltimore, but
Baltimore was ready. The British attacked but could not
enter.
 Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and some
13,000 militiamen stood guard.
 Frances Scott Key wrote the "Star-Spangled
Banner" to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the
American flag still flying over Fort McHenry when the battle
was over. Sept. 13-14, 1814
X. Continued
 C. The British goal to capture Plattsburgh, a key city on the
shore of Lake Champlain, was stopped when the American
naval force on Lake Champlain defeated the British fleet on
the lake on September 11, 1814. Knowing the American ships
could overtake them, the British retreated to Canada.
 D. The British decided after the Battle of Lake Champlain

loss that the war in North America was too costly and
unnecessary. In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium,
American and British representatives signed the Treaty of
Ghent Treaty of Ghent to end the war. The treaty did not
change any of the existing borders.
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317457 Jackson defeats the British 15min.
 E. One final battle was fought after the peace treaty was
signed but before word reached the United States of the
peace agreement. The Battle of New Orleans in
December 1814 was a bloody battle in which the Americans
were victorious.
led the
American army and became a hero. His fame helped him later
win the presidency in 1827. Battle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOf New Orleans (British Answer) -
Andrew Jackson
Jimmy Driftwood
The Battle of New Orleans, 1815
 The Federalists in New England had
opposed the war from the start. At the
Hartford Convention, they drew up a list
of proposed amendments to the
constitution.
 Once the word came of Jackson's victory
and the peace treaty, their grievances
seemed unpatriotic and their party lost
favor.
Essay Questions
Pick one of the questions below to prepare for tomorrow’s test
 How do today’s elections differ
from the election of 1800?
 Why did the Embargo Act of 1807
divide the American People?