Academic content Standards
History (Civil War and Reconstruction)
8th Grade:
8. Describe and analyze the territorial expansion of the United States
including:
a. Northwest Ordinance;
b. The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition;
c. Westward movement including Manifest Destiny;
d. The Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War.
9. Explain causes of the Civil War with emphasis on:
a. Slavery;
b. States' rights;
c. The different economies of the North and South;
d. The extension of slavery into the territories including the Dred Scott
Decision and the Kansas-Nebraska Act;
e. The abolitionist movement and the roles of
Frederick Douglass and John Brown;
f. The addition of new states to the Union and their impact on the balance of
power in the Senate, including the Missouri Compromise and the
Compromise of 1850;
1
Chapter
The
14
Age of Reform
1820-1860
The Country School 1871
Winslow Homer
2
1818 British critic Sydney Smith
“"In the four corners of
the globe, who reads an
American book? or goes
to an American play? or
looks at an American
picture or statue?”
3
Vocabulary:
suffrage
universal suffrage
franchise
candidate
caucus
political party
nominating conventions
delegates
political campaign
4
Democracy in our republic has been an
evolutionary process that has included more
and more participation by more and more citizens.
Directions: Answer the following questions using full
sentences.
What groups of people can vote in the
United States today that could not vote
between 1800 and 1820?
When George Washington and John
Adams were running for office, they did not
make speeches to get voters to select
them. Why not?
Define political campaign:
What is the purpose of nominating
conventions in elections today?
5
American Voters
Prior to 1828, there was never more than a 27% turnout
of eligible voters in a presidential election.
In 1828, 58% of eligible voters turned out for the elections.
By 1840, nearly 80% of eligible voters cast a ballot.
In 1789, white adult males who owned property selected
George Washington as president. The American voters of
the early 1800s were usually white men who were
wealthy or middle class, educated and owned property.
As the 19th century progressed, many states changed
their suffrage laws. There were many new American
voters after the 1820s. This increase in the number of
voters led to new political campaigning techniques and
nominating procedures. By the 1840s, elections looked
very different than they had when John Adams was elected
to office without conducting an active campaign.
6
By the 1820s America had developed a dynamic
society based upon European models—especially
England—but with distinctly different takes upon
familiar themes and concepts.
In America the religious emphasis was
evangelism (free will) rather than
Calvinism (predestination) which
stressed grace and man’s sinful nature.
American evangelicals tended to stress
man’s ability to turn away from sin and
embrace moral actions.
Consequently, American society—at least
in the North—was constantly in flux and
inventing itself anew on a regular basis.
7
The Second Great
Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the
Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum &
Penal Reform
Women’s
Rights
8
“The Benevolent Empire”:
1825 - 1846
A complete structure of church and parachurch organizations made up what came to be called
the Benevolent Empire. The Benevolent was merely an interlocking series of missionary and
supporting organizations devoted to Christianizing America and the world. The Benevolent
Empire grew out of early American revivalism. Revivalism stimulated church growth,
Religious Pluralism. The United States Constitution guaranteed that the government would name no
particularly
in America's
mainline
denominations
andcould
withever
thisbecome
growth
came two important
denomination
the nation's state
church. Therefore,
no denomination
a majority
concepts
which
insupport.
turn emphasized
because
of state
In fact, statisticsoutreach.
show that all denominations were minorities. 1830 statistics
show the following
Roman Catholics..........500,000
Methodists...............500,000
Baptists.................350,000
Presbyterians............200,000
Congregational...........125,000
Lutheran.................100,000
Episcopalian............. 50,00
These figures show that in 1830 all churches combined had less than 2 million members in nation with a total
population of 23 million. What you might miss, however, is the fact that Protestants far outnumbered
Catholics. In 1740, Catholics made up only .6 percent of the population.
9
The “Burned-Over” District
in Upstate New York
no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert).
10
Second Great Awakening
Revival Meeting
11
Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
“soul-shaking”
conversion
Burned-over district "term was coined by
Charles Grandison Finney who in his 1876
book Autobiography of Charles G. Finney
referred to a "burnt district" (p78) to denote an
area in central and western New York State
during the Second Great Awakening. The name
was inspired by the notion that the area had
been so heavily evangelized as to have no
"fuel" left over to "burn"
R1-2
The ranges of tents, the
fires, reflecting light…; the
candles and lamps illuminating
the encampment; hundreds
moving to and fro…;the
preaching, praying, singing,
and shouting,… like the sound
of many waters, was enough
to swallow up all the powers
of contemplation.
12
Northern Society Between 1820-1860
Social Pyramid of the
OPEN, GROWING
North
SOCIETY
Upper Class was a clearly
Population in early
defined 10% of the
that owned over
1860s was betweenA Dual Economypopulation
— small to
22 and 23 million no middle class 40% of the nations wealth
Comprised of bankers,
shippers, merchants and
The Great Mass
of
Between
1840-50,
1.5
the Population
million came to Amount of Wealth ownedindustrialists
Children went to college
northern cities
Middle Class about 35%
of the pop.
Between 1850 and 1860
Comprised of lawyers,
an additional 2
doctors, farmers who
Amount of Wealth
million came north.
owned their own land
Children often went to
Between 1830
&
1860
college.
Numbers of Wealthy
New York went from
Lower Class over
50% of
Great possibility for upward mobility
pop.
Horatio Alger Jr. (1832-1899) would later
200,000 to well over
upward possibility in very
Worked 12-16 popularize
hrs. a this
day
1 million people
popular dime store novels (1 1867)
st
for 25 cents to 1.25 an hr.
13
Antebellum (pre-Civil War) Social
Order in the South
Large Slave Owning Plantations 50-100 Slaves. 17501900 total Plantation Owning Families
Small Plantations Owning
10-50 Slaves
¾ of Farmers (yeoman)
owned no slaves
Slaves
14
Social Order of Slave Society in
the Antebellum South
House Hold Nanny
Household Slaves
Skilled Workers—
mostly in cities
Field Hands
75-80% of total
Slave pop. In
South
15
The need for slave labor increased.
The chart shows total numbers of free African Americans to slaves
Cotton is labor
intensive—even
with the cotton gin.
4.5
4
3.5
3
Free
Slave
Total
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1790 1810 1840 1860
As demand
increased, labor
had to increase to
meet demand.
The more cotton you
could produce the
more money you
could make.
16
The United States really weren’t.
The
U.S. was really two countries. However, only one of these
two was working on societal improvement—the North.
Few, (abolitionism for one) of the societal reform movements of
the North had an impact in the South. The South was a closed
society and liked it that way.
17
“Since we are all
products of our
environment, one only
need change the
environment to change
the man.” --Robert Owen
social reformer and one of the founders of socialism and the cooperative movement
18
Chapter 14 The Age of Reform
Did
You- Know?
Helen Keller
- No pessimist ever discovered the secret of the stars, or sailed to an
The Perkins Institute
unchartered
land people
or opened a new heaven to the human spirit
taught several
who became famous,
including Helen Keller,(
June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968)
who was blind and deaf.
Inventor Alexander
Graham Bell referred her
“People do not like to think. If one thinks, one must
to the school. The
reach conclusions. Conclusions are not always
director of Perkins sent
pleasant.”
Anne Sullivan, a recent
"The world
is moved
not only
Perkins
graduate,
to by the mighty
stories
of heroes,
but also
by the aggregate of the
become
Keller's
resident
tiny pushes
of each
honestthey
worker."
tutor, and
together
became a famous
Helen Keller
teacher/student pairing
because of Keller's great
achievements in
learning.
19
I.
The Reforming Spirit
(Pages 412-413)
Religious and social reform brought
change to the American way of life
In 1825 Robert Owen established New
Harmony, Indiana. Here the people were
dedicated to cooperation rather than
competition. New Harmony was Owen’s
idea of a Utopia.
The Mormons, Shakers, and other religious
groups also built utopian communities.
The Mormons were the only group that
lasted. C:\Documents and Settings\KWalton\Desktop\aj_018_minstrelshows_h264.mov
(movie)
20
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
21
New Harmony, IN
22
The Oneida Community
New York, 1848
 Millenarianism --> the
2nd
coming of Christ had
occurred.
already
Humans were no longer
obliged to follow the moral
rules of the past.
• all residents married
John Humphrey Noyes
(1811-1886)
•
to each other.
carefully regulated
“free love.”
23
Utopian Communities
24
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
25
Temperance was one of the most important of the reform movements before the Civil War,
attracting the largest and most diverse group of supporters. It was the least sectional of the
antebellum reform movements: such men as William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionist, and Robert
1839 Methodist
Barnwell Rhett, a Southern defender of slavery, could agree on the evils of alcohol. Although many
camp
meeting
temperance societies aimed at recruiting male
members,
others gave women an important
opportunity to participate in debate over public issues. 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier.
More
In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening
spread a new sense of religious fervor often at
frontier camp meetings called revivals
Reformers waged a war against alcohol, blaming it
for family breakups, crime, and insanity.
Reformers called for temperance, or drinking little or no
alcohol.
In 1826 the American Society for the Promotion of
Temperance was formed.
In 1851 Maine was the first state to pass a law
banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic
beverages.
26
Why do you think religious leaders
were at the forefront of the war
against alcohol in the early 1800s?
preachers
led many of the revival meetings and at
these meetings they preached about the
evils of alcohol and for the perfection of
society ahead of the coming of the Lord.
Answers will vary but should include: idea that
27
The school ‘marm’ and the one room school house
school·marm (sk l märm )
28
Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
 MA
 always on the forefront of public
educational reform
* 1st state to establish tax support for
local public schools.
 By
1860 every state offered free public
education to whites.
* US had one of the highest literacy rates.
29
“Be ashamed to die until you have won some
victory for humanity.” (1859) H. Mann
(Pages 473-475)
II. Reforming Education
In the early 1800s, the nation (10 Amendment) did not
provide free public education for all. Only New
England provided free elementary education.
th
Horace Mann was the leader of education reform.
He became the head of the Massachusetts Board
of Education in 1837. Reforms included the
following:
lengthening the school year to six months
improving the school curriculum
doubling teachers' salaries
finding better ways of training teachers In 1839
Massachusetts founded the first state-supported
school for training teachers.
30
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
“Father of
American Education”
 children were clay in the
hands
of teachers and school officials
 children should be “molded”
into a state of perfection
 discouraged corporal
punishment
 established state teachertraining programs
R3-6
31
The McGuffey Eclectic
Readers
 Used religious parables to teach “American
values.”
 Teach middle class morality and respect for
order.
 Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality,
hard work, sobriety)
32
R3-8
more
By the 1850s all states accepted these three basic principles of
public education:
Schools should be free and supported by taxes.
Teachers should be trained.
Children should be required to attend school.
It took time before these principles were effective, however.
Schools lacked funds, teachers lacked training, and some
people opposed compulsory education. Most females did not go
to school, or if they did, they studied music or needlework, not
science, mathematics, and history.
Many children in the West had no school to go to.
African Americans had few opportunities to go to school
During the age of reform, religious groups founded many colleges
such as Amherst, Holy Cross, Trinity, and Wesleyan between
1820 and 1850.
33
Still More…
The Lunatic Asylum at New York.
Although after 1850 asylums increasingly
became institutions for the control and
separation from society of those who did
not conform to society's definition of
"normal," under Dorothea Dix's initial
impetus hospitals like this one attempted
to cure the insane through kind
treatment and healthful living conditions.
Some higher institutions did provide opportunities
to people previously denied an education.
Oberlin College of Ohio, founded in 1833, admitted
women and African Americans.
Mount Holyoke was established as the first permanent
women's college in America.
Ashmun Institute was the first college for African
Americans. It later became Lincoln University.
Some reformers dealt with teaching people with
disabilities.
Thomas Gallaudet—method to educate hearing
impaired
“I come to present
the Howe–
strong claims
of suffering
humanity.
I
Dr. Samuel
Gridley
books
with
raised
come to place before the Legislature of Massachusetts the
letters.
It was
Howe Type
and later
Boston
Line
condition
of called
the miserable,
the desolate,
the as
outcast.
I come
asType.
It wasthe
used
at Perkins
until braille
came
intomen
common
usageofat the
advocate
of helpless,
forgotten,
insane
and women;
turn ofbeings
the century
sunk to. a condition from which the unconcerned world
would start
with real horror.” reform and hospitals for
Dorothea
Dix—prison
34
mentally
ill
http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/lib/docs/737.htm
Why was education not
"universal for all" in the early 1800s?
Should include: ideas such as not all communities had schools; some
people opposed compulsory education, so schools were not a priority
for all nor would they be funded; education was mostly for men because
of the belief that a woman’s role was to become a wife and mother and
therefore did not require an education; many African Americans did not
have the opportunity to go to school.
35
“... I felt that it would be to make myself the laughing-stock of the
scientific community to describe to them that branch of science
which specially interests me, inasmuch as they do not believe in a
science which deals with the higher law. So I was obliged to speak to
their condition and describe to them that poor part of me which
alone they can understand. The fact is I am a mystic, a
Reform influenced
art andphilosopher
literature. to boot. Now that I
transcendentalist,
and a natural
thinkTranscendentalists
of it, I should have (description
told of)them
once that
was a
wereatwriters
andIpoets
transcendentalist.
would have been
the shortest
who stressedThat
the relationship
between
humansway of telling
them that they would not understand my explanations.”
III. Cultural Trends (Page 415)
and nature and the importance of the individual
Henryconscience.
David Thoreau
The following
were
leadingin his
writers
ofpersonal
the journal entry for March 5, 1853:
On the difficulty
of understanding
Transcendentalism
well-known
transcendental movement:
Margaret Fuller, who supported women's rights
Ralph Waldo Emerson, (quotes) who believed in the
inner voice of conscience and the idea that people
can break the bonds of prejudice “All I have seen
teaches me to trust the Creator for all I have not seen.”
Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than pay a $1
tax to support the Mexican War, which he was against.
He practiced civil disobedience, or refusing to obey
laws he thought were unjust.
36
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
 Liberation from understanding and
the cultivation of reasoning.”
 “Transcend” the limits of intellect
and allow the emotions, the
SOUL, to create an original
relationship with the Universe.
37
Transcendentalist Thinking
 Man must acknowledge a body of moral
truths that were intuitive and must
TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
1. The infinite benevolence of God.
2. The infinite benevolence of nature.
3. The divinity of man.
 They instinctively rejected all secular
authority and the authority of organized
churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of
conventions
38
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
 Therefore, if man was divine, it would be
wicked that he should be held in slavery, or
his soul corrupted by superstition, or his
mind clouded by ignorance!!
 Thus, the role of the reformer was to
restore man to that divinity which God had
endowed them.
39
The Transcendentalist Agenda
 Give freedom to the slave.
 Give well-being to the poor and the
miserable.
 Give learning to the ignorant.
 Give health to the sick.
 Give peace and justice to society.
40
More…
The following were other leading poets and
writers of the period:
Emily Dickinson, who wrote the poem "Hope"
in 1861, compared hope with a bird
Harriet Beecher Stowe, who wrote Uncle Tom's
Cabin, explored the injustice of slavery
PhineasWadsworth
Taylor Barnum Longfellow wrote narrative
Henry
b.1810 – such
d.1891as "The Song of Hiawatha“
poems
“Midnight Ride of Paul Revere”
Walt Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass about the
new American spirit.
Washington Irving "The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow“"Rip Van Winkle" etc. One
Martin Van Buren Bates
(November 9, 1837 – January 7, 1919),
known as the "Kentucky Giant" among other nicknames, was
a Civil War-era American famed for his incredibly large size
Chang Bunker and Eng Bunker
of America's first internationally best-selling
(May 11, 1811–January 17, 1874)
. Anna Hainingauthors
Swan Bates
Edgar Allen Poe wrote tales of horror, invented
the detective novel and helped start the science41
fiction genre
Charles Sherwood Stratton (January 4, 1838 – July 15, 1883),
a midget who achieved great fame under circus pioneer P.T. Barnum.
What cultural trends were
influenced by the age of reform?
Art and literature were affected, and American artists took
on their own style, exploring ideas that were American.
The transcendentalists stressed the relationship between
humans and nature as well as the individual conscience.
42
Chapter 14, Section 2
Did You Know?
Members of the
Quaker religion were
some of the earliest
opponents of slavery
in the United States.
Today the Quakers
continue to work for
peace. Many Quakers
were conscientious
objectors during World
War I, World War II,
and the Vietnam War.
George Fox played an important part
in founding the Religious Society of
Friends.
43
I. Early Efforts to End Slavery
(Pages 418-419)
Some Americans worked hard to abolish, or end,
slavery during this age of reform.
A northern abolitionist society
Formed in 1816, the American Colonization
society worked toward resettling African
Americans in Africa and the Caribbean.
The society bought land on the west coast of Africa.
Roberts,
The first African Americans settled thereJoseph
andJenkins
called
First President of Liberia.
the area Liberia. In 1847 Liberia became independent.
Emigration continued there until the Civil War.
The society could not end slavery but could only
resettle a small number of African Americans.
44
Thomas Dew—professor at William and Mary College in Virginia
II.
The Movement Changes
Defense of Slavery
(Pages
419-421)
Let us now
look
a moment to the slave, and consider his position.
George McDuffie—Governor of South Carolina
Mr. Jefferson has described him as hating rather that loving his master.
We
assert
again about
that
Jefferson
is
not consistent
borne
out byto
the fact. We are
No human
institution,
in myMr.
opinion,
is more
clearly
Beginning
1830,
reformers
began
With
the
will of God that
than slavery
.And
no one ofbut
his the
laws relations
is written inof husband and
well
convinced
thereagainst
is nothing
crusade
strongly
slavery.
more
characters
than that
which consigns
the African
raceproduces
to this
wife,legible
parent
and child,
or brother
and sister
which
a closer tie
condition
as more conducive
to their
own happiness
that any
other with his
Abolitionist
William
Lloyd
Garrison
founded
than
ofWhether
masterweand
servant.
WeScriptures
do not hesitate
to affirm
which the
they relation
might meet.
consult
the sacred
or the
own
newspaper,
Liberator,
inabundantly
1831.
that,
throughout
the whole
slave-holding
the slaves of a good
lights
of
nature
and reason,
weThe
shall
find
these truthscountry,
as
apparent
a&
written
with a sunbeam
in
the heavens.
Under
bothdevoted
the
master
areif his
warmest,
most
constant,
and
most
friends. They
Garrison
started
the
New
England
Antislavery
Jewish and Christian branches of our religion, slavery existed with the
have
been accustomed
to look
upAmerican
to himand
asfinally
their
supporter, director, and
Society
in 1832
the
Antislavery
wholehearted,
sanction
of its and
prophets
its apostles,
its great
defender.
Everyone
acquainted
with
southern
slaves
knows that the
Author.
The ancient
fathers
those
chosen
men of
Society
in Hebrew
1833
and themselves,
was
the
first
white
God,
were
slaveholders.
slave
rejoices
in the
his“immediate
master.
abolitionist
toprosperity
call for of
the
and
complete emancipation of slaves.
The Grimke sisters, Sara and Angelina, were
among the first women who spoke out publicly
against slavery. In 1839 Angelina and her
husband,
Theodore
wrote
Americanby planting in
creation,
should
we attemptWeld,
to disturb
his contentment
Review
of the debate in the
VirginiaIt
and 1832, and George
McDuffie, message
to life
the
Slavery
As
Is, ain 1831
firsthand
account
ofsomething
under
his
mind
a vain
andLegislature
indefinite
desire for
liberty--a
which he
Legislature of South Carolina, Journal of the General Assembly of the State Qf South CarQltna, 1835
cannot
understand
and
which
must
inevitably
dry upAmerican
the very sources of
slavery.
One of
the
most
militant
African
hisabolitionist—
happiness?
Henry Highland Garnet, Arise,
Arise!
45
That the American Negro is destined by God to occupy this condition
A
merrier
being does
on the
face
of the that
globe
of servile
dependence
is notnot
lessexist
clear .They
have
all qualities
fit than the
Negro
of the
United
States.
Theyfitare
and contented, and the
them for slave
slaves and
not one
of those
that would
themhappy
to be freemen.
Until
the "African
canless
change
his skin,"
be in vain to
attempt, byWhy then, since
master
is much
cruel
than itiswill
generally
imagined.
any human power, to make freemen of those whom God has doomed to
the
slave is happy and happiness is the great object of all animated
be slaves.
“God bless you massa! you
feed and clothe us.
When we are sick you
nurse us and when
too old to work, you
provide for us!”
Defenders of the “peculiar institution” could say what
they would—but here is the true face of the evil
institution. This is a slave named Gordon. The photo is
known as “The Scourged Back”. –it becomes a famous
piece of abolitionist propaganda. Rather effective don’t
you think?
“These poor creatures are a sacred
legacy from
my ancestors and while a dollar is left
me, nothing shall be spared to increase
their comfort and happiness.”
How the South saw the
institution of slavery—more
later under the ablitionists
46
Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americas
47
Anti-Slavery Alphabet
48
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of
All Villanies!
49
More…
African Americans played a major
role in the abolitionist movement.
They subscribed to The Liberator,
took part in organizing and directing
the American Antislavery Society,
and began their own newspapers.
The first African American
newspaper, Freedom's Journal,
was founded in 1827 by Samuel
Cornish and John Russworm.
In 1830 free African American
leaders held a convention in
Philadelphia.
50
Still More…
Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery in
Maryland and settled first in Massachusetts and
then New York. He became a powerful speaker
and writer, editing an antislavery newspaper, the
North Star.
Sojourner Truth was born a slave and later
escaped slavery. She changed her name from
Belle to Sojourner Truth in 1843 and worked for
abolitionism and women's rights. Although she
could not read or write she spoke
with wit
and wisdom.
Solomon Northrup 1853
narrative
51
III. The Underground Railroad
(Pages 422-424)
The Underground Railroad was a network of
escape routes to the North and then to
Canada. Abolitionists helped enslaved African
Americans escape to freedom and risked prison
and even death if caught.
The passengers traveled at night and rested
during the day. Early on, many people traveled on
foot. Later, they traveled in wagons, some
equipped with secret compartments. Even in the
North, however, the runaways still feared capture.
Harriet Tubman was the most famous
conductor of the Underground Railroad after
escaping slavery herself.
The Underground Railroad helped only a small
number of the enslaved people, and most who
used it as an escape route came from the
states located between the northern states
and the Deep South.
52
Tubman Leading Escaping Slaves Along the
Underground Railroad
53
The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting
the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
54
The Underground Railroad
55
More…
Opposition to abolitionism developed in the South
both by people who owned enslaved African
Americans and those who did not.
Opposition in the North resulted because some
Northerners saw the antislavery movement as a
threat to the nation's social order. Others were
concerned about their jobs.
Violence erupted from the opposition to abolitionists.
In the 1830s a Philadelphia mob burned the city's
antislavery headquarters and set off a race riot. In
Boston a mob attacked William Lloyd Garrison
and threatened to hang him. He was jailed
instead to save his life.
56
More…
Elijah Lovejoy was an abolitionist
newspaper editor. His printing presses
were destroyed three times, and the fourth
time,
a mob set fire to the building. He was
In 1897, sixty years after the tragedy, Alton erected a
shot
monument
andover
killed
his grave,
when
a ninety-three
he came
foot tall
out.
granite tower, capped with a bronze statue of Victory.
The conflict between proslavery and
antislavery groups grew. The South
reacted to abolitionism by claiming that
slavery was essential to economic
progress and prosperity.
57
Chapter 14, Section 3
Did You Know?
With the issue of a
new dollar coin in
1979, Susan B.
Anthony became the
first woman to be
depicted on United
States currency.
Unfortunately, the coin
was not very popular
due to its size, which
was too similar to that
of a quarter.
58
“Separate Spheres” Concept
“Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a
refuge from the cruel world outside).
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and
family.
 An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman
who gives up that dependence on man to become a
reformer yields the power God has given her for
her protection, and her character becomes
unnatural!
59
Early 19c Women
1. Unable to vote.
2. Legal status of a minor.
3. Single  could own her own
property.
4. Married  no control over her
property or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.
6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court
without her husband’s permission.
60
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women
to improve society.
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
 Southern Abolitionists
R2-9
Lucy Stone
American Women’s
Suffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s
Journal
61
R2-6/7
Women’s Rights
1840  split in the abolitionist movement
over women’s role in it.
London  World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
62
1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
I.
Women and Reform
(Pages 425-427)
Women abolitionists were the first to also
campaign for women's rights, to improve women's
lives, and win equal rights.
Lucretia Mott, a Quaker, gave lectures in
Philadelphia, helped fugitive slaves, and organized
the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Mott at a world
antislavery convention and along with a few other
women worked for women's rights.
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman
doctor in the United States. She was the first
woman to graduate from medical school (M.D.), a
pioneer in educating women in medicine, and was
prominent in the emerging women's rights
movement.
63
More…
A cartoon representing feminist speaker
denouncing men at the first Women's Rights
Convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY, where
the American feminist movement was launched.
Undated engraving.
Women abolitionists were the first to also campaign for women's
rights, to improve women's lives, and win equal rights.
Lucretia Mott, a Quaker, gave lectures in Philadelphia, helped
fugitive slaves, and organized the Philadelphia Female AntiSlavery Society.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Mott at a world antislavery
convention and along with a few other women worked for
women's rights.
The first women's rights convention took place in Seneca Falls,
New York, in July 1848. It issued a Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions that called for the following:
an end to all laws that discriminated against women
entrance into the all-male worlds of trade, professions, and
business suffrage, or the right to vote
Daguerreotype of Susan B. Anthony by
Southworth & Hawes, circa 1850.
The women's right movement grew. Women held conventions.
Susan B. Anthony worked for women's rights, temperance, and
the reform of New York property and divorce laws. She called for
equal pay, college training, and coeducation in the schools..
64
Sidenote to History
Amelia Bloomer and the Battle Over Dress Reform
The most notable byproduct of corset manufacturing was the whale. Though whales were
also hunted for their oil, it is a fact that the craze for corsets and hoop skirts led to an overfishing of baleen whales. By the end of the sixteenth century, the Atlantic Right whale was
almost extinct in the popular Bay of Biscay fishing ground. When Biscay whales became hard
to find, the whaling industry moved to waters off Greenland. This fishing ground was also
seriously depleted by the late eighteenth century. After the 1840s, Bowhead whale were
hunted for their whalebone, primarily caught by American fishermen in the Arctic. Whale oil
was not used much after the discovery of petroleum in 1859, so whales hunted in the late
nineteenth century were killed almost exclusively for their baleen. The Bowhead was almost
completely extinct by the early twentieth century, just as the use of corsets was declining and
new elastic materials made whalebone obsolete.
The debate over women’s dress reform
began as something of a joke, but for
women the problem was real. Women’s
fashions of the 1850’s were impractical,
unhealthy, and sometimes dangerous.
Skirts flowed in a “Great Pyramid,” from
a tiny waist to a wide, floor-length hem.
To achieve the effect women pinched
their waists with whale bone corsets.
This was sometimes done so tightly that
women injured their organs (not to
mention their pianos).
65
Scarlet and Mammie
(Hollywood Again!)
66
The Southern “Belle”
67
The skirt, which required more than 18
meters (20 yards) of material, was so
massive that it was difficult to get
through doorways and halls. An
accidental brush against a fireplace, an
oven, or a lighted candle
and…PUFFFFFF—there goes mom, or
sis, or Aunt Mable! By hampering
women’s activities, the dress
symbolized perhaps even contributed
to, their dependent role in society.
68
The debate began when a
conservative newspaper editor in
upstate New York jokingly
suggested that those demanding
equality for women ought to wear
pantaloons in imitation of men.
Amelia Jenks Bloomer, also in
the publishing business,
promptly took up the idea.
69
Amelia bloomer had long sponsored a
variety of reforms, including
temperance and women’s rights. Her
home was Seneca Falls New York, and
both she and her husband attended the
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. He
newspaper, The Lily, had been not only
the first newspaper owned and edited
by a woman, but also the first one
devoted to the interests of women.
When the rival editor made the sneer,
she was ready to take up the cause of
dress reform.
70
Another woman ready to participate in
the cause was Elizabeth Smith Miller.
On her honeymoon in Switzerland, Mrs.
Miller had visited a hospital where
women were recuperating from the
damage wrought by the tight corsets.
For their comfort these patients were
wearing turkish pantaloons. The
pantaloons were gathered at the ankles
and partially covered by knee-length
skirts.
71
Daughter Anne
Elizabeth Miller
brought
the costume home to the Seneca Falls
circle. Amelia Bloomer then adopted it
and began broadcasting its advantages
in The Lily. Soon newspapers around
the country picked up the story, and the
Bloomer costume became a symbol of
the women’s rights movement (as well
as a source of masculine mirth).
(cousin to Elizabeth Cady Stanton)
72
Although it was a useful idea, the costume was
ahead of its time. The majority of women in the
1850’s had neither the education nor the
independence to make such a revolutionary change
in their customs.
The controversy over clothing had also obscured
the more important issues, such as women’s legal
rights. Amelia Bloomer herself recognized this and
abandoned the costume after a short time, though it
remained forever associated with her name.
Instead, she devoted the
rest of her
long
the
Suffragettes
march
in in life
New to
York
City 1913
temperance movement and to women’s suffrage.
She died in 1894, a quarter century before women
got the vote. She would have applauded, we can be
sure, the revolution in women’s dress that began in
the 1890’s and that continued until after the suffrage
amendment was passed
73
II. Progress by American Women
(Pages 427-428)
Women worked toward establishing
educational opportunities, changing
marriage and family laws that were
unfavorable to them, and breaking barriers
in careers.
Women did not have advanced institutions
that they could attend, so they were
prevented from becoming doctors, lawyers,
and other professionals.
Emma Willard established the Troy
Female Seminary in upstate New York in
1821.
Mary Lyon established Mount Holyoke in
1837.
74
More…
Women
some an
gains
in marriage
and :
This
mottomade
replaced
earlier
state motto
property laws in New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana,
“WE’VE
gotMississippi,
the scariest
chicks
Wisconsin,
andlooking
California.
Someon the planet”!
states passed
permitting
womenitto
share
You canlaws
see why
they changed
. (for the humor impaired—this is a joke!)
guardianship of their children with their husbands.
Indiana was the first state to allow divorce to a
woman if her husband was alcoholic.
Wyoming becomes the first state to grant
women the right to vote in 1869. This action
lead to the nickname "The Suffrage State" and
later to "The Equality State." "Equality" is the
state motto.
Some women were able to break into the fields of
medicine and the ministry or other previously allmale professions. Progress was limited, however,
by social customs and expectations.
75
Pick one of the following essay questions
to answer on the chapter test.
What were two basic principles of
public education in 1850?
Why did many women want women’s
rights reform?
What was the American Colonization
Society, and why did it not work?
76
Underground Railroad gave hope to slaves and that may
have been all they had. Discuss the risks and benefits—
substantiate answers.
If you were an enslaved African
American living in the South, would you
have wanted to risk death or prison by
using the Underground Railroad?
77
Slavery increased even
though some Americans
worked toward abolishing
slavery. Why?
Slavery continued in the South even though by the early
1800s, it had ended in the North. Slavery was
extremely profitable for the South because of
cotton. Planters needed slaves. Also, not all people
believed that slavery was wrong, even in the North.
78
Why did women have to campaign
for women's rights?
In the 1800s Americans believed that women belonged in
the home. Women were not treated as equals with men.
In order for women to win the rights that they believed
they should have, the women’s rights movement took
place. Women had to make their wishes known, so they
held conventions and campaigned to win suffrage and
other rights such as equal pay, coeducation, and the right
not to be discriminated against.
79
What progress did women make in the 1800s?
Some such as Emma Willard and Mary Lyon were
able to establish women’s institutions for higher
learning. Some states passed laws that gave
women the right to own property and more rights
within marriage. Some women were able to break
into all-male professions. In general, though, gains
were small and limited by social customs and
expectations. The struggle for equality had just
begun.
80