Unit 5.1 Notes:
The Civil War
Currier & Ives Print
of the Bombardment of Ft. Sumter, Charleston Harbor
U.S. History & The Constitution
Mr. Weathers
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #3 (12 & 13 Nov)
3.) What effect did events such as the Denmark Vesey plot (think 8th grade
history) & Nat Turner’s unsuccessful slave rebellion have on the nation?
a.) More slaves were set free to prevent future rebellions.
b.) Northerners felt bad for southerners & helped pass laws to maintain
slavery.
c.) The nation as a whole agreed it would be too dangerous to expand slavery
to the territories in the West.
d.) Southerners became more distrustful of the North’s role in abolition.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how
regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an
understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on
democracy in America.
USHC-3.1: Evaluate the relative importance of political events and issues
that divided the nation and led to civil war, including the compromises
reached to maintain the balance of free and slave states, the abolitionist
movement, the Dred Scott case, conflicting views on states’ rights and
federal authority, the emergence of the Republican Party, and the formation
of the Confederate States of America.
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Tensions Leading to War
“Who, What, When, Where, & How” Chart
Indicator 3.1
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Missouri Compromise of 1820
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Northern v. Southern states/congressmen, Missouri, Maine.
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- The expansion of slavery west into Missouri upset the balance of
free/slave states in Congress (11/11).
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- 1820
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Missouri Territory; West
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Missouri = slave state, Maine = free state; kept balance of power (12/12).
No slavery north of 36º30’ line. Temporarily eased north/south tensions.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Wilmot Proviso
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Congress, David Wilmot (D. – Pennsylvania)
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Wilmot proposed amendment that slavery would never exist in any
territory acquired through war with Mexico.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- August 1846
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Congress; dealt with territory taken from Mexico.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Increased North/South tensions in Congress; House of Reps approved it,
Senate rejected it.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Pennsylvania Congressman
David Wilmot
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Abolitionist Movement
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- abolitionists (see notes), African Americans, northerners..
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- The abolition (ending) of slavery in the United States.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- Antebellum Era (1820s - 1860s).
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Dealt with slavery in south & the expansion of slavery in west. The North
saw political rallies/conventions.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Increased tensions between pro & anti slave citizens (& politicians). Ultimately
resolved with the Emancipation Proclamation (1862) & 13th Amendment (1865).
Abolitionist Movement
Nat
Turner
Frederick Douglass
Harriet
Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
John Brown
William Lloyd
Garrison
Sarah & Angelina
Grimke
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Compromise of 1850
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Henry Clay, US Senate (North v. South politicians).
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Admitting California into the Union, border dispute between Texas &
New Mexico, slavery in Washington D.C., & South’s claim that North did not
enforce the fugitive slave law.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- January 1850.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- The US Senate (Congress; dealing with nationwide issues).
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Compromises to appease northern & southern politicians; 1.) California = free,
2.) Utah & New Mexico = popular sovereignty 3.) TX v. NM border dispute
resolved, 4.) sale of slaves in Wash D.C. banned, 5.) tougher Fugitive Slave Act.
Compromise of 1850
A reaction to the
Fugitive Slave Act.
(Compromise of 1850)
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Harriet Beecher Stowe (author), northern abolitionists, & southern planters.
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Fictional novel that told of the hardships of slavery; bestseller that served
as propaganda for the abolitionist cause; slavery not just political, but also
moral cause.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- Novel published in 1852.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Throughout the US; primarily sold in the North.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Increased tensions. Abolitionists increased protests against Fugitive Slave
Act & southerners argued book was an attack on the South.
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Kansas-Nebraska Act
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Senator Stephen Douglas, Congress, territories of Kansas & Nebraska.
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Douglas introduced bill to create territories of Kansas & Nebraska. If passed,
would repeal the Missouri Compromise = popular sovereignty.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Congress, Kansas & Nebraska Territories.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Created bitterness between the North & the South in Congress & among
the citizens.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Bleeding Kansas
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Settlers from the North (antislavery) & South (proslavery) who moved to
Kansas, pro-slavery border “ruffians” from Missouri.
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Popular sovereignty vote to elect a territorial legislature. Pro-slavery forces
Missouri illegal voted in the election = voting fraud. Abolitionists establish
their own government.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- 1855-1856.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Kansas Territory.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Civil war violence broke out in Kansas = 200+ people are killed. Becomes
hotspot for tensions during American Civil War.
Bleeding Kansas
John Steuart Curry’s “Tragic Prelude”
Violence in the Senate (1856)
Preston Brookes (SC) attacking Charles Sumner (MA)
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Dred Scott Decision (Dred Scott v. Sanford)
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Dred Scott, Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney (from MD).
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Dred Scott, slave from Missouri, was taken north of the 36º30’ line & lived in
Illinois & Wisconsin (free territories). Returned with master to Missouri.
When master died; he filed lawsuit for his freedom; claiming he was free
because he had lived in free territories.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- 1856 = presented to Supreme Court; 1857 = decision.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Supreme Court; dealt with state of Missouri, & Illinois & Wisconsin
territories.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Justice Taney = slaves did not have citizens’ rights; Dred had no claim to
freedom since suit started in Missouri (slave); declared Missouri Compromise
unconstitutional. Stated Congress could not ban spread of slavery = interfered
with slaveholders property rights.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Dred Scott
Supreme Court Justice
Roger B. Taney
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- John Brown, 21 men (black & white), US Marines, Colonel Robert E. Lee.
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- John Brown & his men planned to raid the arsenal & equip local slaves
with weapons to revolt with.
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- October 1859.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- US Marines under the command of Col Robert. E Lee put down the rebellion.
John Brown is tried for high treason and hanged = becomes martyr for the
abolitionist cause.
John Brown’s Raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal (1859)
John Brown
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction
Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Election of 1860
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
- Abraham Lincoln (Republican), Stephen Douglas (northern Democrat), &
John C. Breckenridge (southern Democrat).
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
- Election of the next president; the issue of slavery (continuation & spread of).
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
- November 1860.
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
- Nationwide.
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
- Lincoln took less than half of popular vote (split between 4 candidates), but
won election (electoral vote). The South threatened to secede (SC first in Dec
1860). Confederate States (CSA) formed in Feb 1861.
Election of 1860
Slavery’s Expansion
(Animated Graphic)
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #4 (14 & 15 Nov)
4.) Which of the following was NOT a key part of the Supreme Courts’
decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)?
a.) The decision declared the Missouri Compromise (1820) unconstitutional.
b.) Slaves did not have equal protection under the law.
c.) It declared that any slave taken to a free territory/state would be freed.
d.) It stated that Congress could not ban the spread of slavery.
CORRECT ANSWER: C
The North Versus the South
Directions: In many ways, the eventual outcome of the Civil War could have been predicted
by the differences between the two sides from the war’s onset. You are to copy this chart
into your notes and fill in the blanks with the information found in the reading in Chapters
10 and 11.
North
Factor
Population
Number of States
Industrial or Agricultural
Based Economy
Share of the Railroads
Percentage of the Nation’s
Wealth
Attitude Towards Slavery
Percentage of Factories
Monetary System in Place
Military Tradition
South
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
22 Million
Population
South
9 Million
(3.5-4 million were slaves)
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
23
Number of States
11
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
Industrial
Industrial or
Agricultural Based
Economy
Agricultural
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
2/3 (20,000 Miles of Track)
Share of the
Railroads
1/3 (9,000 Miles of Track)
96% of Railroad Equipment
4% of Railroad Equipment
Railroads of the Confederacy (1861)
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
$56 Million in Gold
75% of the Wealth
Percentage of the
Nations Wealth
$0 in Gold
25% of the Wealth
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
Against
Attitude Towards
Slavery
In Favor Of
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
More than 80%
Percentage of
Factories
Less than 20%
The North Versus the South
North
Versus
South
Strong Banking
System In-Place
Monetary System
in Place
Weak/Small
Banking System
(81% of the nation’s deposits)
The North Versus the South
North
Weaker Tradition:
Lower Skilled Leaders, and
soldiers accustomed to
working in factories and not
with horses or guns.
Versus
Military Tradition
South
Stronger Tradition:
Proven Leaders, Military
Academies, & soldiers
accustomed to horse-back
riding and the use of
hunting rifles.
The North Versus the South
A Graphical Comparison
Attack on Ft. Sumter
Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
- Opening shots @ Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
- Confederate forces fired on Union re-supply ships.
- Justified Lincoln’s calling up 75,000 troops.
Edmund
Ruffin
Ft. Sumter’s bombardment
South Carolina: Ft. Sumter in 1861
Ft. Sumter Prior to the Opening Shots of the War: 1861
South Carolina: Ft. Sumter in 1865
Ruins of Ft. Sumter following Union bombardment: 1865
Northern Military Strategies
The Union’s Threefold Strategy (North):
1.) Blockade South’s ports to cut off European supplies.
2.) Split Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River.
3.) Attack Confederate capital at Richmond, VA.
Union General-In-Chief
Winfield Scott
Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”
Southern Military Strategy
The Confederacy’s Strategy (South):
1.) Fight a defensive war; use European supplies gained from the sale
of cotton, until the North tired of the war (Cotton Diplomacy).
2.) Fight on southern soil (defense) = North looks like the aggressor.
South’s
“Cotton Diplomacy”
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how
regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an
understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on
democracy in America.
USHC-3.2: Summarize the course of the Civil War & its impact on democracy,
including the major turning points; the impact of the Emancipation
Proclamation; the unequal treatment afforded to African American military
units; the geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of the
Confederacy; & the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #5 (20 & 26 Nov)
5.) The opening shots of the Civil War by Confederate forces on Ft. Sumter
gave President Lincoln the justification to:
a.) sue the Confederacy for terms of peace.
b.) call for the raising of 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion.
c.) seek an alliance with Britain before the confederacy could.
d.) declare that slavery was now illegal in the United States.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
The United States at the Onset of the Civil War (1861)
Opposing Presidents
Abraham Lincoln
USA
Jefferson Davis
CSA
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Ft. Sumter
State:
South Carolina
Dates: April 12, 1861
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederates (South)
X
- Confederates fired on the federal fort prior to resupply
ships arriving.
- Battle lasted 34 hours prior to Union surrender.
- Opening shots / start of the Civil War.
- Lincoln used incident to call up 75,000 troops to service.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
First Battle of Bull Run / Manassas
State: Virginia
Dates: July 21, 1861
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederate (South)
X
- First confrontation between the opposing armies,
- Humiliating defeat for the Union Army.
- Realization the war was going to last a long time.
- Lincoln adopted Gen Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Battle of Antietam
State: Maryland
Dates: September 17, 1862
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederate (South)
X
- General Lee’s first of two failed attempts to invade the North.
- Bloodiest single day of the war (22,000 + killed / wounded).
- Lincoln used the much needed victory to justify issuing the
Emancipation Proclamation.
Antietam, Maryland – Sept 17, 1862
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Battle of Gettysburg
State: Pennsylvania
Dates: July 1-3, 1863
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederates (South)
X
- 2nd failed attempt by Gen Lee & the CSA to invade the North.
- 3-day battle; decimates Lee’s forces.
- “Start of the end” for the South.
- After Gettysburg, the South fought a defensive war.
- South’s hope to invade the North.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Siege of Vicksburg
State: Mississippi
Dates: May 15 – July 4, 1863
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederates (South)
X
- Gen Grant’s siege of the town last for two months.
- Last Confederate obstacle for Union control of the Mississippi
River.
- Victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi & splits the
South in half.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Battle of Atlanta
State:
Georgia
Dates: September 22, 1864
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederates (South)
X
- Part of Gen William T. Sherman’s “Summer Campaign”.
- Union victory allowed the North to capture Atlanta = vital
Confederate supply center & railroad junction.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Sherman’s March to the Sea
State:
Dates: Nov 15 – Dec 21, 1864 (& 1865)
Georgia & Carolinas (N & S)
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederates (South)
X
- Gen Sherman’s army cut a 300 mile wide path of destruction
across GA & north into SC & NC.
- Burned Atlanta; spared Savannah, but burned Columbia (???)
- “Total War” Concept = taking fight to the civilians =
demoralize them.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Gen William T. Sherman (Union))
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”: Atlanta
Ruins of Confederate Engine House at Atlanta, GA Sept 1864
Total
Warfare
Sherman’s March to the Sea
South Carolina: Charleston, SC
Ruins of Charleston, SC as seen from the Circular Church: 1865
Sherman’s Troops Burning Columbia, SC, February 17, 1865
From “Harper’s Weekly”
South Carolina: Columbia, SC
Ruins of Columbia, SC as seen from the Capital: 1865
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Appomattox Courthouse
State: Virginia
Dates: April 9, 1865
Union (North)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Confederates (South)
X
- Lee’s army is overwhelmed & surrounded by Grant’s Union
forces.
- Lee’s surrender to Gen Grant effectively ends the war.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how
regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an
understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on
democracy in America.
USHC-3.2: Summarize the course of the Civil War & its impact on democracy,
including the major turning points; the impact of the Emancipation
Proclamation; the unequal treatment afforded to African American military
units; the geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of the
Confederacy; & the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
Emancipation Proclamation Primary Source Document
1.) What is the title of this document?
2.) Who is the author of this document? (who wrote it?)
3.) What is the overall message of this document? (what is it trying to say?)
4.) What specific group of people did this document target?
5.) What did this document say would happen
to those people?
6.) On what date did the statements made in
this document take effect? (day and year).
7.) Did this document affect every state in the
Union or just certain ones?
8.) What do you think the author of this
document was trying to accomplish?
(what was his goal?)
Emancipation Proclamation Pri-Source Document Cont.
How might the following groups of people reacted to this document
being issued?
9.) A slave in Georgia
10.) A slave in Maryland
11.) A slaveowner in each of these states
12.) A free African American
13.) An abolitionist in Boston
14.) A Union soldier
15.) A Confederate soldier
Emancipation Proclamation’s Coverage
Civil War Politics
Civil War Politics
Political Leadership:
North = advantage in political leadership.
- Abraham Lincoln (USA) = war’s initial purpose preservation of the Union.
- “government of the people, by the people & for
the people”
- Retain public support to continue the fight
despite initial military defeats.
- “Gettysburg Address”
- Jefferson Davis (CSA) = states’ rights argument,
- Unable to get the CSA to work together to
pursue the war effort.
Civil War Politics
Lincoln’s Legal Actions (1861):
- Declared martial law.
- Ordered suspension of writs of
habeas corpus (constitutional
right).
- Writ (legal action) requires a person
under arrest to be brought before a
judge or into court to ensure that a
prisoner can be released from
unlawful detention.
Downfall of the Idol of ‘76‘ (1863)
Civil War Politics
Not all northerners were in favor of war with the South…
Copperheads: Northern Democrats - against war policy; advocated restoration
of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South.
Civil War Politics
Emancipation Proclamation
- Lincoln initially hesitated to free slaves = feared upsetting the border states.
- Promoted as a ‘military measure’ against the CSA.
- Diplomatic & political document.
- Made goal of the war the liberation of slaves =
British (anti-slavery) couldn't support the South.
- Gave South a last chance to make peace &
keep their slaves (announced Oct 1862 – took
effect Jan 1st, 1863).
Civil War Politics
Civil War Politics
African Americans in the War:
- Emancipation Proclamation allowed Af. Americans to join the U.S. Army as a
war measure.
- Af. American units formed with abolitionists’ help.
- 54th Massachusetts regiment = led gallant but futile attack on Fort Wagner.
in Charleston Harbor.
- Served with distinction, but
in segregated units under
command of white officers.
- Poorly supplied & paid less
than white soldiers.
Civil War Politics
Election of 1864
- Lincoln won re-election.
- Won because of a series of Union victories in the South.
- Boosted American morale & confidence in the President.
VS.
Abraham Lincoln
George McClellan
Civil War Politics
Outcome of the Civil War
- Impact on the course of democracy:
1.) Preserved the Union while liberating an enslaved minority.
2.) Federal courts ruled secession to be null & void,
3.) Idea of states’ rights upon which secession was based was never
defeated (later emerged in the Civil Rights Era).
- 13th Amendment (1865): abolished slavery - freedom was formally legalized.