Chapter 14 Section 3
How Portugal Became Mighty
Portugal was the first European power
to gain a foothold in Asia
 Their ships were small but mighty:

 Their ships were small but great in number
 Their firepower on the ships (cannons) were
unmatched by any other country.

Their naval might allowed them to
control the spice trade and build a trade
empire in Asia.
Afonso de Albuquerque
Portugal Builds an Eastern
Empire
Afonso de Albuquerque was the next great
Portuguese naval leader after Vasco da
Gama
 He would have to compete with the Mughal
empire in India.

 The Mughal empire was established by Muslim
leaders from central Asia.

The Portuguese could easily trade with the
Princes in the southern regions of India,
and made exclusive trade deals. (This
means the princes would trade with no one
else.)
A Rim of Trading Outposts

The Portuguese seized the island of
Goa in 1510.
 A small island off of the coast of India.
 This island became their major military and
commercial stronghold.
Lead by Albuquerque, they were
successful in destroying Arab cities and
ships.
 In 1511, they took the port of Malacca,
and killed all of the city’s Muslims.

Goa
Their Power Grows

In less than 50 years the Portuguese were
successful in creating a large trading
empire.
 They built many trading outposts.
○ Distant areas rimming the southern seas of India,
but not large cities.
○ These outposts allowed them to repair and
resupply their ships during their voyages.

Control of cities and outposts allowed the
Portuguese to dominate trade between
Europe and Asia.
A Limited Impact

Despite Portugal’s sea power, they
lacked the resources to make great
inroads to the region.
 This means they could not invade/control
non-coastal areas.

They also attempted to convert many of
the Muslims to Christianity, and were
harsher than they were in Africa.
 i.e. Convert to Christianity…..Or Die….
http://www.homestarrunner.com/sbemail32.html
The Netherlands!
Beware those in Wooden Shoes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UVS
wcisZkA
Seriously now…
The Dutch were the first to challenge the
Portuguese in Asia.
 They were formerly part of the Holy
Roman Empire, but post-reformation the
protestants won independence.

Building a Mighty Sea Power
The first voyage from Amsterdam to Asia
and back lasted slightly more than a
year and was complete in 1599.
 They returned with a litany of spices.
After the first voyage was successful,
they were driven to go get more.
 Eventually the Dutch rose to be a naval
superpower.

A Strategic Settlement
The biggest benefit to the Dutch was
their settlement at Cape Town.
 Cape Town was the first settlement in
South Africa, which allowed them to
secure trading routes around Africa.

A Powerful Company

In 1602 wealthy merchants got together
to form the Dutch East India Company.
 A very powerful company who controlled
their sailing voyages because they were self
funded.
 Also, they had full sovereign powers.
○ This means they were free from government
control.
○ They were able to build armies, wage war,
negotiate treaties and establish their own
governments.
Asserting Dominance

Remember the Portuguese port of
Malacca?
 In 1641 the Dutch captured the port and opened
their trade with China.
 The capture of Malacca now established the
Dutch as the prominent traders with Asia.

There were many similarities between the
Dutch and Portuguese.
 They used the military to further trade goals.
 They focused on friendships with area rulers.
Bellringer Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Which European nation was the 1st to gain
a trading foothold in Asia?
Who lead the Portuguese Navy after da
Gama
What caused Portugal’s demise in Asia?
What country rose to fill Portugal’s role in
Asia?
True or False: Amsterdam is a country.
What powerful corporation was created in
1602? Why were they so powerful?
An Easy Conquering

The Philippines (islands in Southeast Asia)
had been claimed by Magellan in the name
of Spain in 1521.
 The Philippines became infinitely more
important as the Portuguese and the Dutch were
colonizing areas around Asia.
 Within 50 years, the Spanish had claimed all of
the islands and renamed them after King Philip
II

The people were easy to conquer because
they were not united.
A Goal in the Philippines

Spain followed the footsteps of the
Portuguese in Africa in the way they
handled the Philippines.
 (No they didn’t kill everyone).
 They tried to convert all of the peoples to
Catholicism.

These islands became a key foothold for a
Spanish trading empire.
 They would ship silver and gold from Mexico
and Peru to the islands, and then used the
precious metals to buy goods in China.
Mughal India and European
Traders
The Mughal empire had enjoyed
strength and peace for almost two
centuries.
 Europeans enjoyed trading with the
court because they had a litany of luxury
goods.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRpw
VDBbbHo

A Center of Valuable Trade

Mughal India was the center of several
coveted goods:
 Spices
 Silk
 Cotton

The Mughal were also stronger, richer,
larger, and more powerful than any
European kingdom.
An Empire Shatters

The Mughal empire began to weaken for
several reasons:
 Conflicts between Hindu and Muslim
princes.
 Taxes rose, which spread corruption.
 As corruption spread, the different countries
and companies would create armies (of
Indian troops called sepoys).
 They would use these armies to fight for
power.
Proxy Wars

In the 1700’s the British and French
were becoming locked in a battle for
global power.
 This fighting took place in India and
America.
○ In India, the British would use their troops and
sepoys to drive out the French.
○ The British then forced the Mughal emperor to
recognize their right to collect taxes in their
colonies.
Lets make sure your arms don’t fall off……
Chapter 14 Section 4
Why China?
Portuguese ships first reached China
from their base in Malacca in 1514.
 To the Chinese, the Portuguese, like
other foreigners, were barbarians.

 Europeans, by contrast, wrote
enthusiastically about China.
 In 1590, a visitor described Chinese
artisans “cleverly making devices out of
gold, silver and other metals,” and wrote
with approval: “They daily publish huge
multitudes of books.”
The Ming Limit Trade

The Portuguese wanted Chinese silks and
porcelains, but had little to offer in exchange.
 European textiles and metalwork were inferior to Chinese
products.
 The Chinese therefore demanded payment in gold or
silver.

The Ming eventually allowed the Portuguese a
trading post at Macao near Canton, present-day
Guangzhou .
 Later, they let Dutch, English, and other Europeans trade
with Chinese merchants.
 Foreigners could trade only at Canton under the
supervision of imperial officials.
○ When each year’s trading season ended, they had to sail
away.
Seeking Converts


Portuguese missionaries arrived in China
along with the traders.
In later years the Jesuits—from Spain, Italy,
and Portugal—arrived.
 Most Jesuits had a broad knowledge of many
subjects, and the Chinese welcomed the chance to
learn about Renaissance Europe from these
scholars.
 The brilliant Jesuit priest Matteo Riccimade a
particularly strong impression on the Chinese.
○ Still, Ricci and other priests had little success spreading
their religious beliefs in China.
○ They did, however, become important sources of
information for Europeans who knew little about China.
The Manchu Conquest

By the early 1600s, the aging Ming
dynasty was decaying.
 Revolts erupted, and Manchu invaders from
the north pushed through the Great Wall.

The Manchus ruled a region in the
northeast, Manchuria, that had long
been influenced by Chinese civilization.
 In 1644, victorious Manchu armies seized
Beijing and made it their capital.
Founding the Qing Dynasty

The Manchus set up a new dynasty called the Qing .
 The Manchus won the support of Chinese scholar-officials
because they adopted the Confucian system of government.
 For each top government position, the Qing chose two people,
one Manchu and one Chinese.
○ Local government remained in the hands of the Chinese, but
Manchu troops stationed across the empire ensured loyalty.

Two rulers oversaw the most brilliant age of the Qing.
 Kangxi, who ruled from 1661 to 1722, was an able administrator
and military leader.
○ He extended Chinese power into Central Asia and promoted
Chinese culture.
 Kangxi’s grandson Qianlong had an equally successful reign
from 1736 to 1796.
○ He expanded China’s borders to rule the largest area in the
nation’s history.
○ Qianlong retired after 60 years because he did not want to rule
longer than his grandfather had.
Spreading Peace and Prosperity
The Chinese economy expanded under
both emperors.
 New crops from the Americas, such as
potatoes and corn, had been introduced
into China.

 These crops boosted farm output, which in turn
contributed to a population boom.
○ China’s population rose from 140 million in 1740 to
over 300 million by 1800.
 The silk, cotton, and porcelain industries
expanded.
 Internal trade grew, as did the demand for
Chinese goods from all over the world.
Rejecting Contact with Europeans

The Qing maintained the Ming policy of
restricting foreign traders.
 Still, Europeans kept pressing to expand trade
to cities other than Guangzhou.
 In 1793, Lord Macartney arrived in China at the
head of a British diplomatic mission.
 He brought samples of British-made goods to
show the Chinese the advantages of trade with
Westerners.
 The Chinese, who looked on the goods as
rather crude products, thought they were gifts
offered as tribute to the emperor.
Korea the Hermit Kingdom
Before the 1500s, Korean traders had farranging contacts across East Asia.
 A Korean map from the 1300s accurately
outlines lands from Japan to the
Mediterranean.

 Koreans probably acquired this knowledge from
Arab traders who had visited Korea.
 Like China, however, Korea restricted contacts
with the outside world in the 1500s and 1600s.
 The Choson dynasty firmly embraced Confucian
ideas.
○ The low status of merchants in Confucianism led
Koreans to look down on foreign traders.

In the 1590s, a Japanese invasion
devastated Korea.
 Then in 1636, the Manchus conquered Korea.
 When the Manchus set up the Qing dynasty in
China, Korea became a tributary state, run by its
own government but forced to acknowledge
China’s supremacy.

The two invasions left Korea feeling,
according to a Korean proverb, like “a
shrimp among whales.”
In response, the Koreans chose isolation,
excluding all foreigners except the Chinese
and a few Japanese.
 When European sailors were shipwrecked
on Korean shores, they were imprisoned or
killed.

 As a result, Korea became known in the West
as the “Hermit Kingdom.”

Though Korea had few contacts with the
world for about 250 years, this period was
a great age for Korean arts and literature.
Working with New Allies
Unlike the Chinese or Koreans, the
Japanese at first welcomed Westerners.
 In 1543, the Portuguese reached Japan,
followed by the Spanish, Dutch, and
English.

 They arrived at a turbulent time, when Japanese
daimyo were struggling for power.
 The daimyo quickly adopted Western firearms
which may have helped the Tokugawa shoguns
centralize power and impose order.

Jesuits, such as the Spanish priest Francis Xavier,
found the Japanese curious about Christianity.
 A growing number of Japanese adopted the new faith.

The Japanese also welcomed the printing press the
Jesuits brought.
 The Tokugawa shoguns, however, grew increasingly
hostile toward foreigners.
 After learning that Spain had seized the Philippines, they
may have seen the newcomers as threats.
 They also worried that Japanese Christians—who may
have numbered as many as 300,000—owed
their allegiance to the pope, rather than to Japanese
leaders.
○ In response, the Tokugawas expelled foreign missionaries.
They brutally persecuted Japanese Christians, killing
many thousands of people.

By 1638, the Tokugawas had turned
against European traders as well.
 Japan barred all European merchants and
forbade Japanese to travel abroad.
 To further their isolation, they outlawed the
building of large ships, thereby ending
foreign trade.
○ In order to keep informed about world events,
they permitted just one or two Dutch ships
each year to trade at a small island
in Nagasaki harbor.

Japan remained isolated for more than
200 years.
 Art and literature flourished, and internal
trade boomed.
 Cities grew in size and importance, and
some merchant families gained wealth and
status.
 By the early 1700s, Edo (present-day Tokyo)
had a million inhabitants, more than either
London or Paris.