The Philippines
A Brief History
Map of the Philippines Today
I. Early Philippines
• A. Filipinos are descended from Aeta, Agta,
Ati (Negritoes), Tawainese, Chinese,
Japanese, East Indian, Arab & Spanish
I. Filipino Ethnic &
Religious Groups
I. Early Philippines
• B. Ancient Filipino rice farmlands in the North
• C. Farm life
D. Outrigger & Fishing
II. Spanish Colonization of the Philippines
• A. 1521 Filipino Colonization began with
Ferdinand Magellan
• B. The Spanish set up the same social class
system in the Philippines & the Americas
II. Routes of Spanish Conquests/Expeditions
II. Spanish Class System in the Philippines
Peninsulares
Spanish_born in Spain
Creoles (Criollos)Spanish born
in the Phillipines
Mestizoes, mixed
with Filipino & Spanish
Filipinos, Chinese, Other Asians &
Mixtures of Filipinos (Indios)
&with other Asian groups
III. The Moro/Sulu
Enslavement of Filipinos
• A. Moro/Sulu Slavery began in the southern
part of the Philippines between
1770-1879
• B. It was the result of a high demand for
Chinese tea in Great Britain & the desire to
lower Chinese tea prices
• C. The English decided to take advantage of 2
things:
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
Pirates & Slave Raiders
D. 1, Moro Pirates that raid
Spanish ships & steal guns
2, The Sulu ability to get sea
cucumbers, pearls, birds’
nests, tortoise shells (all
products that can be traded
for tea)
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
Pirates & Slave Raiders
Birds’ Nest Soup
$30-$100
Pearls
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
Pirates & Slave Raiders
Sea Cucumber
Tortoise Shells
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Boats
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
E. In order to gather enough of these rare
products, the sultan decided to use slave labor
F. Moro Slave raiders attacked & kidnapped
people from:
• Mindanao’s northern coast
• Visayas’ coast,
Java, Indonesia
• Luzon’s coast
Sumatra, Indonesia
• Borneo’s coast
Malay Peninsula
• Celebes’ coast
Sulu
III. Southeast Asian Slave Routes
III. Slave Trade Map
Moro Slave Trade
Trans Indian Slave Trade
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
• G. Between 20,000-30,000 people were
kidnapped from their homes
• H. Forced to work in caves collecting birds’
nests, diving for pearls & sea cucumbers
• I. The Sulu Sultan (King) traded birds’ nests,
pearls & sea cucumbers to England in
exchange for gunpowder, silk & porcelain
• J. The English traded birds’ nests, pearls &
sea cucumbers to China for tea
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
III.Moro/Sulu Slavery: Narrative & Prices
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:
Gathering Birds Nests
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery
III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pearl Divers
IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas
• A. Filipinos came to Mexico from 1565-1815
as sailors, prisoners, adventurers & most
commonly slaves on the Manila Galleon
• B. Filipinos were brought to the Americas to
work in the fields, plantations, mines &
homes
IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas
IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas
IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas
• C. Mexico
1. Large groups in Colima, Guerrero
& Michoacan
2. “China Poblana”, Filipina slave who:
a. combined Filipino & Mexican recipes to
make Mole
b. combined Filipino & Mexican clothes
IV. La China Poblana
IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas
3. Isidoro Montes de Oca was Filipino
Mexico revolutionary:
a. who fought alongside Vicente
Guererro & Father Jose Morelos.
b. La Union de Isidoro Montes de
Oca, Guerrero Mexico is named
after him
4. Francisco Mongoy was Filipino
Mexico revolutionary who
fought alongside Vicente
Guererro
IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas
V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)
A. Indigenous Filipinos routinely
revolted against the Spanish
B. Due to high taxation, few rights,
etc creoles & mestizos began
organizing
C. Three priests called
“GOMBURZA”, Maraino Gomez,
Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora
called for church reforms & civil
rights for Filipinos
V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)
V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)
D. Soldiers were forced to pay taxes for the first
time & do “polo y servicio” (forced labor)
E. On January 20, 1872, 200 soldiers & workers
also rose up because their paychecks not only
reflected taxes, but also “falla” (a tax to be
exempted from forced labor)& lost
F. The priests “GOMBURZA” were falsely
accused of organizing the revolt (by 3 alleged
mutineers), along with several other soldiers
V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)
V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)
G. February 17,1872
They were executed on
Bagumbayan Field
H. Some revolutionaries
were sentenced to life
in prison or exiled to
Guam
I. Served as the
“unofficial” beginning
or inspiration for the
Filipino Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
• A. Causes of the Revolution:
1. Enlightenment Ideals (Lack of civil rights, racism,
democracy, land, education, etc)
2. Unfair Casta System, that favored peninsulares
& discriminated against indigenous Filipinos
3. The building of the Suez Canal (1869), opened
up trade, education & new ideas on freedom
4. Filipinos were inspired by the Cavite Mutiny
(1872) considered “GOMBURZA” to be martyrs
5. Jose Rizal formed “La Liga Filipina” (1892), which
split into 2 groups
6. As a result, Filipinos never stopped organizing
•
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
• B. “The Katipunan”
• (one of La Liga Filipina’s splinter groups)
1. Organized in 1895 by Andres Bonifacio
2. Meant “gathering”, “society” in Tagalog
3. It was a pro-independence Filipino group
4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran & survivor of
the Cavite Mutiny joined the group
5. It had a membership of 100,000 by 1896
VI. The Philippine Revolution
Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
VI. The Philippine Revolution
• C. The Philippine Revolution Begins
1. In August of 1896, the Spanish discovered
the existence of Katipunan
2. 1896, Andres Bonifacio started the
revolution with the "Cry of Pugad Lawin or
“The Cry of Balintawak” which called for an
end to taxation & Filipino Independence
from Spain
3. The Spanish immediately arrested Jose Rizal
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran of the Cavite
Mutiny joins “The Katipunan”
5. On August 29, with 1,000 rebels, “The
Katipunan” attacked Manila
6. It eventually spread throughout the
country
7. Jose Rizal was publicly executed him on 12/
30/1896 & became a symbol of struggle
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
• 8. Jose Rizal:
a. A reformer, activist, writer, artist & doctor
b. Wrote Noli Me Tangere (Critical of Phillipine
Society) & El Filibusterismo (Critical of Spanish
Rule of the Philippines & the Catholic Church)
c. Created Maria Clara, heroine of Noli Me
Tangere , who has become a symbol of the
Philippines
d. Rizal Day is a national holiday in the Philippines
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
Maria Clara
VI. The Philippine Revolution
• 9. Emilio Aguinaldo:
a. Wins several battles against the Spanish
b. Became the leader of “The Katipunan”
c. Executes Andres Bonifacio (possibly on false
charges) in March1897
d. December 15, 1897, Biak-na-Bato marked the
end of The Philippine Revolution
e. Exiled to Hong Kong
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VI. The Philippine Revolution
• D. The Spanish-American War
1. In 1898 US declared war on Spain over
the sinking of the USS Maine.
2. The US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in
the Philippines May 1. 1898
3. Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the
Philippines & declared independence
from Spain
4. Emilio Aguinaldo established the
Philippine Republic & became the 1st
president
VI. The Philippine Revolution
1899-1901
VI. The Philippine Revolution
USS Maine
VI. The Philippine Revolution
Battle of Manila Bay
VII. Pilipino-American War
• A. The US refused to recognize Emilio
Aguinaldo’s government & Philippine
Independence
• B. The Philippines declared war on the US
• C. The US under General Jacob Smith:
• 1. In retaliation for the death of 40 of his
soldiers, committed numerous atrocities
against 2, 500 Filipino men , women &
children
• 2. He was charged with “War Crimes” &
removed from the military
VII. Pilipino-American War
VII. Pilipino-American War
VII. Pilipino-American War
• D. By 1902, 4,000 Americans & more than
40, 000 Filipinos were killed
• E. Filipino resistance continued from
1902-1906
• F. The US government agreed to build
infrastructure, such as schools, railroads,
hospitals, etc
• G. The Japanese occupied the Philippines 1942-1945
• H. The US government & corporations kept
control of the Philippines until 1946
VI. Heroes of the The Philippine Revolution
Andres Bonifacio
Jose Rizal
Emilio Aguinaldo
VI. The Philippine Revolution
VIII. WWII & The Philippines
• G. The Japanese occupied the Philippines
1942-1945
• H. The US government & corporations kept
control of the Philippines until 1946
I. The Philippines get independence
The Philippines Today