Uprising Against Spain
Muslim Resistance to
Spanish Rule
Causes
A. Personal
Grievances
B. Opposition
to Spanish
Impositions
C. Religious
Uprisings
D. Agrarian
Complaints
Six Phases of Spanish
Moro War
A. Personal Grievances
Lakan Dula and
Rajah Sulayman
(1574)
Martin Panga and
Agustin de Legaspi
(1587-1588)
17th Century
Tamblot
(1621-1622)
Bankaw
Dagohoy
(1744-1828)
B. Opposition to Spanish Impositions
Magalat
(1956)
Pangasinan-Ilokos
Uprising (16601661)
Diego Silang Revolt
(1762-1763)
Sumoroy (16491650)
Palaris Revolt
(1762-1764)
C. Religious Uprisings
Igorot Revolt
(1601)
Hernando Pule
(1840-1841)
Apolinario de la Cruz
Cofradia de San Jose
D. Agrarian Complaints
18th Century
Matienza
Perdro Calderon
Enriquez
1888
Valeriano Weyler
Dr. Cesar Adib Majul
6 Phases of Spanish
Moro Wars
FIRST PHASE
-began with the arrival of Legaspi
in 1571
-ended with the invasion of Brunei
SECOND PHASE
the need to make vassals of the chiefs of
Sulu and Maguindanao
-Spaniards explored Sulu archipelago and
even threatened to attack Sulu
-they conducted military missions to
Maguindanao and then the Cotabato
area
Intentions
-to make the Muslims pay tribute
-induce them not to allow foreign missionaries
-gather information about Muslims
-to know the relationship between the
Maguindanao and the Ternatans and other
people in Indonesia
• military garrison was established in Tampakan
(1596) but it was short-lived so the Spaniards
abandoned it and repositioned themselves at
La Caldera in Zamboanga Peninsula
THIRD PHASE
-Muslims changes their military strategy
from defensive to offensive
1599 – Datu Salikula and Datu Sirungan
(chiefs of Maguindanao and Buayan)
respectively launched a joint force
attacking a major Spanish base in Central
Visayas
1602 – another offensive was carried out by the Muslims
and the forces were commanded by Datu Buisan
(successor of Datu Salikula & Datu Sirungan)
October 29, 1603 – Rajah Buisan together with his allies
from Sangila & Ternate invaded Dulag, Leyte
September 8, 1605 – peace treaty was signed (did not
hold long because of the Spanish invasion of Ternate in
April 1608)
March 1609 – signing of another peace treaty (put the war
to rest for at least 25 years)
1627 – war resumed but now with the Sulu sultanate
-triggered by a maltreatment suffered by Sulu envoy, Datu
Ache
Rajah Bungsu (sultan of Sulu) – led 2000 warriors
and attacked the Spanish base and ship yard in
Camarines Sur and Central Visayas
1628 – Spaniards retaliated against the Sulu attack
1629 – Sulu sultanate sent another expedition led by
Datu Ache
- They attacked the Spanish settlements in
Camarines, Samar, Leyte and Bohol
March 17, 1630 – Spaniards invaded Sulu (again)
- Commander Lorenzo de Olaso was wounded
1631 – Sulu warriors launched another invasion
aimed at Leyte (seat of Spanish power in Visayas)
Sultan Qudarat – Buayan & Sangil leaders were
brought under his control
- Married the daughter of Rajah Bungsu (sultan
of Sulu in 1632)
-the Sultanates of Mindanao and Sulu mustered
a coordinated military attack and joint
invasion of Central Visayas
1634 – they mobilized 1500 warriors who landes
at Dapitan, Leyte and Bohol
FOURTH PHASE
-Spaniards changed their approach by
establishing a forward force at the enemy’s
territory
April 6, 1635 – military base was established
in Zamboanga (lasted for 29 years)
March 13, 1637 – Spaniards captured
Lamitan (the seat of Maguindanao
sultanate)
January 1, 1638 – Jolo (sultanate capital of
Sulu) fell after the three-month battle
1639 – Sultan Qudarat re-established his
forces and held his court at Pulangi
***Sulu sultanate was able to secure the
support of the Butch in Batavia,
Indonesia
March 25, 1644 – Rajah Bungsu dispatched
his son, Pangiran Salikala
-the sultanate ordered a final offensive
against the Spaniards with the Dutch
navy which bombarded the Spanish
garrison at Jolo
***Spaniards signed a peace treaty and
evacuated all their forces from
Zamboanga to Manila
FIFTH PHASE
1718 – Spaniards occupied Zamboanga
- Fort Pillar was built
Sultan Badar-uddin – asked the support of
Maguindanao sultanate and the Dutch at
Batavia
December 1720 – Sulu and Maguindanao
sultanate made a new offensive in
Zamboanga
December 11, 1726 – peace treaty was signed
between the Sulu sultanate and Spanish
colonial government in Manila
1717 & 1733 – Sultan Badar-uddin sent an
ambassador to China
1734 – Sultan Badar-uddin attempted to capture
Zamboanga
1735 – Spaniards invaded Jolo and drove out the
sultanate court
February 1, 1737 – another peace treaty was
signed
SIXTH PHASE
Dream of Mindanao conquest
1851 – beginning of the Spanish invasion in
Sulu
April 30, 1851 – peace treaty was signed
between Sultan Pulalun and the Spanish
forces
Roman Martinez Vigil – a Spanish priest
who wrote the theory of a just war
February 21, 1876 – troops were sent to
Sulu led by Governor-General Jose
Malcampo
Sulu Sultan Jamalul Azam – proclaimed the
jihad and ordered the use of the concept
of parrang sabil as last recourse
July 22, 1878 – another treaty was
negotiated
Datu Amai Pakpak – led one of the best
wars in defense of Marawi in 1891 and
1895
Nationalism
- devotion to or advocacy of
national unity and independence
Contributory Factors
A. Opening of the
Philippines to the
International Trade
E. Secularization
Controversy
B. Rise of the
Middle Class
C. Impact of
European Liberalism
F. Liberal Regime of Carlos
Maria de la Torre (1869–
1871)
D. Racial Prejudice
G. Cavite Mutiny and the
Execution of Gomez,
Burgos and Zamora
Lakan Dula & Sulayman (1574)
-Disenchanted with ill-kept promises of the Spaniards that
they and their descendants would be exempted from
taxation, they attacked the newly established Spanish
citadel in Maynila.
Martin Panga & Agustin de Legaspi (1587-1588)
-they led a conspiracy to overthrow Spanish sovereignty in the
Philippines
-former Rulers of Tondo, Polo, Pandacan, Navotas, Candaba,
Cuyo & Calamianes joined the attempt to regain the
freedom and lordship that their fathers have enjoyed
before them
-the conspiracy was unsuccessful because of Antonio Surabao
a native spy who informed the Spaniards of the plot
BACK
Tamblot (1621-1622)
-Tamblot rallied hundreds of Boholanos to join his
cause (to bring back the native religion of Bohol)
Bankaw, Chief of Limasawa (1622)
-led a revolt in Leyte to restore the old religion
Dagohoy (1744-1828)
-led the natives of Bohol to revolt because of the
Jesuit’s refusal to give a Christian burial to his
brother
BACK
Magalat (1596)
-he fomented a revolt in Cagayan because of the arbitrary
and illegal collection of tribute
Sumoroy (1649-1650)
-he led an uprising against Governor Diego Fajardo’s order
requiring the conscription of polistas from the Visayas and
the shipyards of Cavite
Francisco Maniago (1660)
-led the natives of the province in a revolt against the
government practice of forcing them to cut timber and
hauling them to Cavite for the construction of galleons
-the natives also revolted because of the arrears in pay
due them for the rice forcibly collected from them through
the bandala system & the labor services that remained
unpaid
BACK
Pampango-Pangasinan-Ilokos uprising (1660-1661)
-Andres Malong headed the uprising
-when Malong died, the leader of the Ilokanos, Pedro Almazan
led the rebels
Palaris Revolt (1762-1764)
-Juan de la Cruz Palaris led the uprising in Pangasinan
-natives are demanding for the abolition of the tribute and the
removal of Joaquin Gamboa (alcalde mayor of the province)
Diego Silang Revolt (1762-1763)
-Silang started the revolt in Vigan, Ilocos Sur because of the
anomalous collection of tribute and the excesses of the alcaldes
mayores in the exercise of the indulto de comercio
-Diego Silang offered his services to the British so he was
appointed as the alcalde mayor and sargento mayor of the Ilocos
-Miguel Vicos & Pedro Becbec conspired to assassinate Silang
-the revolt did not end when Silang died because his wife
Gabriela and his uncle Nicolas Cariño continued the resistance BACK
1601 – Ilongots revolted against the insistent Spanish
attempts to convert them to Christianity
*racial prejudice of Spanish friars alienated countless
Filipinos from Christianity
1840 – Dominicans refused to admit Apolinario de la Cruz
who wanted to pursue a priestly vocation under the
religious order because of the fact that he was a native
-De la Cruz also known as Hernando Pule established a
religious brotherhood called the Cofradia de San Jose in
Tayabas
-the brotherhood gained thousands of adherents in
Tayabas, Laguna & Batangas
1841 – De la Cruz and his followers took up arms and
murdered the provincial governor
BACK
-lands were accumulated in the hands of the money lenders because of mounting
debts that could not be paid by small cultivators
-peasant debtors who remained on the lands were burdened by the harsh land
taxes so money lenders were able to evade it
-absence of a proper land title system aggravated the problem of the ignorant
Filipinos
Matienza – under his leadership, natives of Lian & Nasugbu in Batangas raised the
standard of revolt in protest against the unconditional appropriation of their land
by the Jesuits
Friars – increased the acreage of their estates by arbitrary alienation of land
occupied by hundreds of farmers in Bulacan
- increased land rentals and prohibited the natives from enjoying the feudal
privileges of gathering forest products and fishing in the rivers and streams without
paying taxes
Pedro Calderon – he was sent to investigate the agrarian conditions in the province
- lands without legal titles were converted into crown lands or relengas
1888 – tenants of Kalamba estate took their grievances to court but lost their case
to the Dominicans
- Governor Valeriano Weyler took the side of the Dominicans and ordered the
neighboring towns of Kalamba not to give any hospitality to the Kalambeños
BACK
A. Opening of the Philippines to International trade
-it stimulated the commercial cultivation of certain export crops for the world
market
Filipino middle class –> Spanish and Chinese half-breeds or mestizos shared in the
prosperity either as owners of lands which produced an export crop or as importexport merchants and middlemen
B. Rise of the Middle Class
- Filipino middle class sent their children to educational institutions.
- Spaniards labeled the Filipino middle class “bestias cargadas de oro” or “beasts
loaded with gold”
- The middle class became increasingly critical of the superciliousness of the friarcurate, the importunities and excesses of the bureaucrats, both high and low, but
they particularly resented the government’s deliberate policy of awarding colonial
appointments only to full-blooded Spaniards, more particularly to those born in
Spain.
- Nationalist feeling grew rapidly among the educated Filipinos and the repressive
policy of the Spanish authorities served only to popularize the sentiment.
BACK
C. Impact of European liberalism
- Liberal bureaucrats and refugees along with the European and American
liberals influenced Filipinos from the ranks of the middle class with their
thought and orientation.
-The appeal of the Enlightenment philosophers, notably John Locke (Two
Treatises of Government) and Jean Jacques Rouseau (Le Contrat Social / The
Social Contract), proved particularly strong to the educated Filipinos.
*The situation in France in 1789 closely paralleled the conditions prevailing in
the Philippines in 1896.
♦upper classes held a monopoly of political and administrative powers and
refused to acknowledge the existence of a growing bourgeoisie
♦the church owned vast tracts of land, controlled education and commerce,
and exercised excessive power throughout Europe
Ilustrados – formed the vanguard of the Propaganda movement
- exposed the great spiritual crisis that engulfed the Filipinos and attempted to
convince the Spanish authorities of the imperative need for far-reaching
reforms to avert the outbreak of revolution
BACK
D. Racial Prejudice
- Spaniards regarded the Filipinos as belonging to the “inferior races”
Indios – a name that carried the most unflattering and disparaging
connotations to the native segment of Philippine society
- The term Filipino, which referred to Spaniards born in the Philippines, was
applied to the native only very much later.
- Spaniards waged a campaign of open vilification against the Filipinos
because of the increasing number of ilustrados in 19th century.
Filipinos – described as “a machine that walks, eats, sleeps and exists”; “an
incomplete whole, a confusion of sentiments, instincts, desires, energies,
passions, colors that crowd each other without forming a single particular
one”;”impossible to expose to curiosity and philosophical studies”
- The constant insinuation at the racial and cultural inferiority of the Filipinos
constrained Jose Rizal to prepare a new edition of Antonio de Morga’s
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which, with his copious annotations and
criticisms, debunked the allegations of the Spaniards that the Filipinos were
savages and had no culture before the advent of the conquerors.
Filipinos – began to regard Western culture as a unifying factor
- they realized that they were a race apart from the Spanish colonizers
BACK
E. Secularization Controversy
Council of Trent (1545-1563) – the secular priests would be appointed to
administer the new parishes
Pope Pius V – issued in 1567, upon the request of King Philip II, the Exponi Nobis,
an apostolic brief that allowed regulars to serve as parish priests without diocesan
authorization and exempted them from the bishop’s authority and jurisdiction
- The appointment of regular priests to Philippine parishes brought them into
conflict with the archbishop and bishops.
Bishops – maintained that they were responsible for the proper administration of
parishes
- they should be given the power and authority over the friar curate or cura
parroco
Cura parroco – invoked the papal brief as exempting them from diocesan visitation
and argued that they were subject only to the rules and regulations and the
superiors of their respective religious communities
Archbishop Basiliio Santa Justa – accepted the resignation of the regular priests
and appointed secular priests to the vacated parishes
- his campaign was sanctioned by the royal decree promulgated on November 9,
1774 ordering the secularization of the parishes (or the turnover of parishes
administered by friar curates to the seculars)
BACK
-The unpreparedness of the native secular clergy and the organized opposition of the
friars to secularization prompted the passage of another royal decree in 1776 which
virtually suspended the secularization of parishes.tye decree restored the parishes to the
friar curates but required visitation which could be made either by the bishop or by the
superior of the religious order to which the friar curates belonged. The decree, moreover,
enjoined the church authorities to prepare for eventual secularization by training a
competent native clergy in the Philippines.
*Policy of despoliation or desecularization
-A decree enacted in 1826 deprived many secular priests of parishes which they had held
for nearly fifty years. Another decree in 1849 gave seven curacies in Cavite, which were
administered by the secular clergy, to the friars.
-The return of the Jesuits in 1859 was also made to justify the policy of despoliation.
The Curacy of Antipolo – “pearl of the Philippine curacies”
(When the parish priest of Antipolo died in 1862, Father Pedro Pelaez, as ecclesiastical
governor of the archdiocese of Manila, appointed Francisco Campmass, a Filipino secular
priest, to succeed him. The Recollects protested the appointment on the ground that they
had a right to the parish, which was in the archbishopric of Manila, by virtue of the decree
in 1861. In the dispute, the Filipino secular clergy lost and the Recollects gained the
curacy.)
The Parish of San Rafael, Bulakan – became vacant in 1869
-the government cancelled the competitive examination for which seventeen Filipino
priests had qualified because the Recollects claimed that this curacy should be given to
them
BACK
F. Liberal Regime of Carlos Maria de la Torre (1869-1871)
Carlos Maria de la Torre – most liberal and most loved governor-general of the
Philippines
-he dismissed his bodyguards and walked about the city in mufti, mingling with
the natives and mestizos
-he entertained the Filipinos in receptions in his official residence
-encouraged freedom of speech and abolished censorship of the press, abolished
flogging and substituted imprisonment as punishment for desertion among native
soldiers and proved his benevolence by subduing an agrarian uprisisng and
pardoning the rebels
Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
-he announced upon his arrival that he would rule “with a crucifix in one hand and
a sword in the other”
-ruled with an iron hand and adopted terroristic measures
-reversed the liberal policies of de la Torre
-he repealed the exemption from the tribute and forced labor that the Filipinos
had been enjoying (disgruntled Filipino workers at the Cavite arsenal mutinied in
protest against this unreasonable decree)
BACK
G. Cavite Mutiny and the Execution of GomBurZa
January 20, 1872 – a group of native artillery men, marines, soldiers and
workers in the arsenal of Cavite led by a Sergeant La Madrid seized the
nearby Fort of San Felipe
(Izquierdo’s unwarranted abolition of their privileges caused the mutiny.)
♦The friars saw the Cavite mutiny as a conspiracy existed to overthrow
Spanish sovereignty and establish a Filipino independent republic. In their
view, the real perpetrators of the conspiracy were the Filipino priests who
were actively supported by Filipino ilustrados and businessmen.
♦On January 21, Izquierdo ordered the arrest of Fathers Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora and other prominent native clerics,
lawyers and merchants like Joaquin Pardo de Tavers, Antonio Regidor, Jose
and Pio BAsa, Pedro Dandan, Galicano Apacible, Mariano Sevilla and
Vicente del Rosario. At the instigation of the friars, the GomBurZa were
accused as leaders of the conspiracy, tried in a mock trial which did not give
them any chance to defend themselves and publicly garroted on February
17, 1872.
BACK
♦Archbishop Meliton Martinez did not believe that the three
priests were guilty. He refused to unfrock them as requested by
Governor Izquierdo. Instead, as one last salute to the martyred
clerics. He ordered the tolling of bells when the three were
executed.
♦Jose Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to the
memory of the three clerics.
♦Edmiund Planchut (French writer) summed up the impact of the
execution of the three priests on the future development of
nationalism among the Filipino people:
These means that the convictions of Creoles, mestizos and
natives were a very greet mistake. Up to then, different Philippine
races had lived in distrust of one another; but in their common fate
they learned the solidarity of their interests. Future generations will
be able to say that the old differences must completely disappear so
that they can be one in accord and someday ably fight the common
enemy ---- that is, the colonial masters.
BACK