BRAZILIAN REVOLUTIONS
By: Caroline Lugli, Ali Knoll, and Rachel Barnette
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
CAUSES
•
In 1785 Dona Maria, the queen of Portugal, forbade any industrial development in
Brazil, oppressing the citizens of Brazil in an attempt to prevent an event like the
French Revolution which, ironically, had the opposite effect
•
The 18th century gold rush had declined, causing economic problems for the people
of Minas Gerais, leaving the people unhappy and eager for change
•
Government put heavy taxes on the gold mining region, adding to the original
economic problem
•
The leader of the mining industry in this area was Intendente dos Diamantes, who
ruled absolutely over his industry, leading to Mineiros (citizens of Minas Gerais) to
loathe his administration, which gave them more reason to revolt
•
The influence of French philosophers and the American Revolution inspired the
conspirators; the success of another country’s minority revolting against authority
gave them hope that they could overthrow the Portuguese governments
•
The growing taxation and oppression imposed on the citizens of Brazil by the
Portuguese government led to growing dissatisfaction among the people and, added
to the influence of other successful government overthrows, like the American
Revolution, inevitably led to the revolt called the Inconfidencia Mineira
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
P.I.R.A.T.E.S
Inconfidencia Mineira Revolution (1792) P.I.R.A.T.E.S.
Political
Portuguese government became more limiting on industrial rights and kept an eye out for anymore brewing
revolutions. No change in government structure, however, since the revolution was more of a theory than an
actual event.
Intellectual
French philosophy and the American Revolution became even more inspiring to the people of Brazil after this
revolution attempt failed.
Religion
No impact on religion- Brazil remained Roman Catholic, though Jose de la Silva Xavier, also known as
Tiradentes, was seen as a martyr after his execution that occurred three years after the conspirators’ capture.
Art and
Architecture
Since Tiradentes was seen as a national hero in Brazil after he was drawn and quartered there are many
paintings and depictions of him still existing today. A museum was also dedicated to his memory in Ouro Preto,
Brazil.
Technology
The Revolution Inconfidencia Mineira had no effect on technology in Brazil.
Economy
After the attempted revolt the economy was still troubled due to the decline in gold production, and though taxes
were one of the causes of the revolt, they did not change after the conspirators were arrested.
Society
The execution of Tiradentes motivated and inspired Brazilians to take action in more movements against the
Portuguese government. He became a symbol of Brazilian Independence, even though his actions directly did
nothing to free the Brazilians from under the command of the Portuguese.
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
CHRONOLOGY
•
Early 1700s- Brazil becomes largest gold producer in the world due to the gold rush where two
million slaves were imported in Brazil and a large population of settlers arrive to mine.
•
1750- Gold rush begins to decline- general population moves to coasts, settlers move to Rio de
Janeiro, and economy begins to decline.
•
1750- Treaty of Madrid is signed by Spain and Portugal, stating that Portugal will give Spain all
of the land on the western shore of Rio de la Plata, and Spain will give Portugal the Amazon,
Mato Grosso, Goias, and Rio Grande de la Sol in order to solve border disputes.
•
1762- The Secretary of the Portugeuse Crown, Marques de Pombal, moves the capital of Brazil
from Salvador to Rio de Janerio, while promoting urban development, border patrols, increased
agriculture production, and control over trade routes.
•
1785- Dona Maria, the queen of Portugal, removes Marques de Pombal from office and forbids
any industrial development from carrying on in Brazil because she is afraid that her subjects will
attempt to overthrow her, like the Americans did to the British only 8 years previously.
•
1789- The Inconfidencia Mineira is formed by Jose de la Silva Xavier (Tiradentes) and 11 other
members in an effort to regain independence from Portugal.
•
1792- All members of the conspiracy are arrested and the leader Tiradentes is hung, drawn and
quartered in Rio de Janeiro. His corpse is presented around the city in an effort to scare others
off from beginning another revolt. His body ends up inspiring them to act against the
government.
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
IMAGES
Quartered body of Teradentes,
done by a Brazilian painter in
1893.
Area of Brazil belonging to Portugal under the Treaty of
Madrid. Where the revolution was planned to take place
is the lowest bright blue spot, and where Teradentes was
executed is the orange slice underneath that.
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
IMAGES CONTINUED
A letter from Tiradentes to one of his fellow
conspirators, dated the 4th of march 1789.
Since there were only 11 members of his
conspiracy against Portuguese government,
Tiradentes did not need to call large assemblies
or pass secret messges; he sent out letters to
those who had to same standpoint on the
Portuguese government has he did. This letter
is now located in the Brazilian National Library
located in Rio de Janeiro.
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
IMAGES CONTINUED
Dona Maria, Queen of Portugal
during this time
Tiradente’s proposed
flag- on it reads
“Freedom is necessary
although it is late”.
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
COMPARISONS
The government today in Brazil,
shown here, is similiar to the
government during the Inconfiencia
Mineiria, except what is the
president of the republic today
would have been the Queen of
Portugal then.
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
COMPARISONS
Before
After
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heavy taxes
Poor Economy
Ruling Queen
Government run by Portugal
Oppressed Brazilians
No Industrial Development
Declining Gold Industry
• Heavy taxes
• Poor Economy
• Ruling Queen
• Government run by Portugal
• Oppressed Brazilians
• No Industrial Development
• Declining Gold Industry
• Hope for the people and encouragement to protest against the government
INCONFIDENCIA MINEIRA (1792)
COMPARISONS
• The revolt was more of a theory than it was an actual plan- it was
never carried. The conspirators and their leader, Tiradentes, were
arrested after a unknown source betrayed them. However, though they
did not overthrow oppressive Portuguese rule themselves, their
actions and Tiradente’s gruesome exections, as well as influences
from the American Revolution and French philosophy inspired future
generations to revolt and gain Brazil’s independence.
REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1817)
CAUSES
•
Pernambucan Revolt: 1817- The Pernambucan Revolt did not have major impacts on
Brazil at that time, but the revolution was one of the first attempt by Brazil for
independence from Portugal preceded only by the Inconfidência Mineira.
•
Discontent with Portuguese colonial administration
•
The lower classes were severely affected by the sugar cane crisis, and the revolution
began
•
It was started as a separatist movement to try and liberate Brazil from Portuguese control
•
The decline of sugar cane production after the famine in the Northeastern territory of
Brazil
•
The influence of Freemasonry in the region
•
Influence of the United States after their Revolution (liberal ideas from the United States
went to Brazil)
•
Taxes rose because of military presence in Brazil and the expenses of military campaigns
REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1817)
P.I.R.A.T.E.S.
Republican Revolution (1817) P.I.R.A.T.E.S.
Political
King John VI was the ruler of Portugal during the Pernambucan Revolution
Domingos Jose Martins led the revolution with the support of Antônio Carlos de Andrada e Silva and Frei
Caneca
At the beginning of the revolt, knowing the dangers of this, a Pernambucan captain, José de Barros Lima,
killed the Portuguese officer who was sent to arrest him
A republic was formed temporarily, with a provisional government put in place, but it fell after two months
Portuguese troops from the monarch surrounded Recife, their capital.
The revolutionaries sought the support from countries like the United States, Argentina, and Britain, but it there
was no success in getting their aid.
Intellectual
No intellectual advancements.
Religion
After the fall of the republic to Portuguese troops, the leaders of the revolution, Domingos José Martins, José
Luis de Mendonça, Domingos Teotônio Jorge, and two Catholic priests, Miguelinho and Pedro de Sousa Tenó,
were executed then mutilated as their heads and hands were cut off.
Art and
Architechture
A flag was created during the revolution to replace the Portuguese flag that had removed from Recife, the
capital, after the provisional government took over. The flag was created by the tailor and militia captain, José
Barbosa.
Technology
There was no real technological advancements during this revolution.
Economy
decline of sugar cane production after the famine in the northeastern corner of Brazil
Society
Although a republic was formed for two months, there was no movement to abolish slavery.
Secret Societies in Brazil were formed which discussed liberal ideas and plans for the revolt
REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1817)
CHRONOLOGY
• 1817: The Pernambucan Revolution began. A republic was
established, but the republic fell after two months when the capital,
Recife, was surrounded by the Portuguese monarch’s troops.
REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1817)
IMAGES
The Pernambucan Flag
John VI of Portugal
REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1817)
IMAGES CONTINUED
The capital, Recife, while being taken by
Pernambucan Rebels
REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (1817)
COMPARISONS
• The government structure stayed the same throughout
the revolution. It only began to change in the next
revolution.
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL (1822-1889)
CAUSES
•
The Portugal royal family arrived in Brazil in 1808. This arrival helped stimulate the
economy during earlier times.
•
Then, once NApolean was defeated in Europe, the Portugal army called for King John VI
to come into power.
•
In 1820, the military became much more powerful, and people responded to this by
revolting.
•
There were also revolts happening in Portugal (sympathetic revolting).
•
King John Realized he had to step in and take action in order to save his position, and for
them to not revolt against him specifically.
•
People began to reevaluate the relationship of Portugal and Brazil.
•
Pedro I was wanted to return to his rightful position to the throne of Portugal.
•
Brazil gained independence as a constitutional monarchy with Pedro I.
•
But Pedro’s power and changes in the parliament caused upheaval in Brazil.
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL (1822-1889)
P.I.R.A.T.E.S.
Independence from Portugal (1822-1889)
P.I.R.A.T.E.S.
Political
King John VI returned to Portugal. The government structure was in monarchy in Portugal, and since Portugal
controlled Brazil, Brazil was too.
Pedro I came into action and changed it into a parliamentary with a constitution.
Intellectual
Writings were mostly in Baroque and Arcadian styles.
Many people became more literate.
A new philosophical and political movement and teaching system emerged, known as national academicism.
Religion
Roman Catholicism was the official religion.
Not much change in religion except that they were more free to practice religion.
Art and
Architecture
ceramics with images of people or animals and various other decorations.
Baroque art was introduced in Brazil at the beginning of the 17th century by Catholic missionaries, especially
the Jesuits
Technology
railroad construction that accompanies the modernization of mining and plantations
Economy
Stayed in a financial crisis.
Gaining Portugal’s help did not ease the economic struggle.
There were many war debts.
Society
Brazilian administration encouraged immigration from European countries.
Slavery was abolished after the revolution.
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL (1822-1889)
CHRONOLOGY
•
1822 - Portugal commands Pedro I to return to Portugal.
•
September, 7th, 1822 - Pedro I proclaims independence from Portugal and is crowned emperor, now D. Pedro I.
The country was in economic crisis.
•
1824 - D. Pedro I sees the first rebellion against his government.
•
1826 - The Parliament is opened. Main parties were the Liberals and the Conservatives.
•
April, 7th, 1831 - Much criticized by the Liberals, D. Pedro I resigns in favor of his son, Pedro II. A new Regency
period is initiated.
•
1834 - The Liberals, who were majority in Parliament, pass laws giving more power to local governments; were
mostly are won by the Liberals.
•
1837 - Regent Feijo resigns. The Liberals start a campaign to anticipate the majority of Pedro II. In 1841, at age
fifteen, Pedro II is declared the second emperor of Brazil. After taking the throne, D. Pedro II nominates a Liberal
cabinet, which was replaced the next year by a Conservative, starting an alternating cycle which would last till the
end of Empire.
•
1845 - British approved Aberdeen Bill, which authorized British ships to attack.
•
May, 13th, 1888 - slavery is abolished in Brazil.
•
November, 15th, 1889 - The military, chiefed by Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca, proclaims the Republic of Brazil.
There was no violence. The emperor D. Pedro II was sent to Europe.
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL (1822-1889)
IMAGES
Prince Pedro I
Brazilian provinces just before the
independence of 1822. They were
based off of liberal parties
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL (1822-1889)
IMAGES CONTINUED
Flag of the Empire of Brazil.
This map shows the Portuguese and
Brazilian dominations in South America.
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL (1822-1889)
COMPARISONS
Before
Revolution
A monarchy ruled under Great
Britain, then when Pedro
arrived it was a constitutional
monarchy.
Was under Portugal’s rule for
almost 90 years.
After
Revolution
Pedro II was deposed on
November 15, 1889 by a
Republican military coup led by
General Deodoro da Fonseca.
Government structure became
a constitutional democracy.
GROUP DIVISIONS
• Rachel- the revolution of Inconfidencia Mineira
(1792)
• Ali- the Republic Revolution (1817)
• Caroline- Republic-Independence from Portugal
(1822-1889) and the design and layout of the
power point.