Turkey, Cyprus & The EU
Turkey & The EU
Turkey & The EU
Erdogan and the AKP
Turkey & The EU
Turkey & The EU
Issues for Accession
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Population
NATO
Kurdish Issue
Economics
Civil Military Relations
Religion
Gastarbeiter
Cyprus
Immigration to the EU
The Cyprus Conflict
The Cyprus Conflict
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Timeline
1878 Ottomans cede Cyprus to Britain for
protection against Russia
Enosis
1931 Uprising/Constitution Revoked
1946 Consultative Assembly/rtn of 31 exiles
1950 Michael Mouskos becomes Archbishop
Makarios III
The Cyprus Conflict
Archbishop Makarios III
The Cyprus Conflict
• 1954 Greece calls on UN to enforce selfdetermination for the people of Cyprus
• 1954 Britain & Turkey rejects call for enosis
• 1955 Open Rebellion/EOKA George Grivas
leads guerrilla war against the British/TMT
forms (Turk Mukavenet Teskilatu)
• 1960 (9 August) Cypriot Independence
• Treaty of Guarantee: Britain, Turkey & Greece
The Cyprus Conflict
• 1963 Makarios introduces new constitution
which ensures dominance of Greek Cypriots
• Looting and destruction of Turkish villages
creates enclaves and revival of TMT/
• Fear of Turkish invasion, Makarios agrees to
British intervention
• 1964 6500 UN Peacekeepers join British
soldiers
The Cyprus Conflict
• 1964 National Guard formed by Greek Cypriot
Government as deterrent to Turkish
invasion/Grivas returns to command
• 1967 Military Coup in Athens/Makarios moves
to nonalignment
• National Guard subverted by right-wing proenosis officers and splits with Makarios/EOKA
B supported by Greek Junta
The Cyprus Conflict
• 1974 Grivas dies of heart attack. National Guard
comes more under control of Athens Junta
• Makarios demands removal of 650 Greek officers
in National Guard
• July 15 Reply comes in the form of coup led by
EOKA gunman and convicted murderer Nicos
Sampson
• Makarios narrowly escapes palace attack to
London
• Failed London negotiations result in Turkish
invasion on 20 July 1974
The Cyprus Conflict
The Invasion of Cyprus 1974
► 15
July 1974 – The government of Archbishop
Markarios overthrown by Nikos Sampson
► 17 July 1974 – Turkish Prime Minister Bulent
Ecevit flys to London
► 20 July 1974 – Turkish forces invade northern
Cyprus
► 21 July 1974 – The attack on destroyers Kocatepe,
Adatepe, and F.V. Cakmak northwest of Cape
Arnauti
The Cyprus Conflict
Turkish Invasion of 1974
CDR Guven Erkaya
T.C.G. Kocatepe
Ex-USS Harwood
T.C.G Kocatepe
T.C.G Kocatepe
Admiral Guven
Erkaya
28 Feb 97
The Cyprus Conflict
Defacto partition of Cyprus since 1974 – The”Atilla” Line
The Cyprus Conflict
• Annan Settlement and Referendum 2004
– Presidential council (6 members, 4 Greek, 2 Turks)
– Bicameral legislature (upper house 24:24, Lower
house proportional)
– Supreme Court (Equal representation)
– 65% Turkish approval
– 73% Greek dissapproval
The Cyprus Conflict
2011 Istanbul
1974 TCG Kocatepe
The Turkish Military as the protector
of The Turkish Secular Democracy
The Cyprus Conflict
The Future?
The Cyprus Conflict