PAKISTAN
MOVEMENT
Ms Sabeen Yunus
Evolution of Two Nation Theory
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Background:Religious Differences.
Hindu Nationalism.
Cultural and social Differences.
Economic and Educational Differences.
Political Differences.
Political Struggle 1927 to 1947
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Delhi Proposals 1927
In 1926 Hindu Mahsaba started propaganda against Lucknow
pact and separate electorate.
Pandit Nehru requested Quaid to surrender their demands
Quaid called a meeting of Muslim leaders on march 20,1927 in
Delhi.
1.Sindh,Balouchistan and N.W.F.P to given status of full province.
2.Muslim representation in Bengal and Punjab in accordance to
their strength.
3. Muslim’s shall have 1/3 seats in the central legislature.
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Disapproval of Delhi proposal by sir shafi (M.L Lahore group)
Simon Commission 1927
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A commission(1927) under Sir John Simon, sent
to India to examine the effects of MontagueChelmsford Reforms(1919)
The Congress and a section of ML under the
leadership of Quid e Azam, decided to boycott the
commission. Other group of M L under the
leadership of Sir Muhammad Shafi, was in favour
of commission.
A scheme of constitutional reforms, on the basis
of recommendations of Simon Commission was
prepared by the Government.
The Congress and Muslim League both refused
the recommendations
Nehru Report 1928
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Recommendations of Simon Commission (presented in
October ,1927) rejected by the Congress and Muslim
League.
Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for Indi ,
declared in the parliament that Indians are divided,
opposed each other and unable to produce a
unanimously accepted constitution.
In February, 1928 all parties conference was convened
to prepare a draft for constitutional Reforms.
Moti-lal-Nehru presided.
Muslims were given insignificant weightage, attended
only one meeting and put their signatures on Nehru
report.
Self Governing, Joint Electorate, Unitary Form
Hindi as official Language.
Hindu-Muslim Rift.
Quaid-e-azam proposed 3 amendments:1)1/3 representation.
2) Punjab and Bengal on basis of population
3) Powers to be given to provinces.
 Rejected by Hindu Majority.
 All parties conference held in Delhi under
Sir.Agha khan(1929). Demands :1)Separate Electorate.
2)Federal system to be introduced in centre with
provincial autonomy.
3) Representation in central and provincial
assemblies.
4)Representation on the basis of population
5) 1\3 in central legislature
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Quaid-e Azam Fourteen Points
1929
In reply of Nehru Report Quid e Azam decided to give
his own formula for the constitutional reforms.
1)Future constitution should be federal. Residuary powers
vested in the provinces.
2)A uniformed autonomy (all provinces )
3)Muslim representation shall not be less than 1\3 in
central legislature
4) In the central legislature Muslim representation shall not
be less than one-third
5) Representation of communal group shall continue to be
by separate electorates provided that it shall be open to
any community
6) Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be
necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority
in the Punjab, Bengal and khyber pakhtunkhawa.
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7)
Full liberty of religion; belief, worship and observance,
propaganda, association and education shall be
guaranteed to all communities
8) Any bill or resolution shall be passed by three-fourths of
the members of any community.
9)Sindh should be separated from the Bombay.
10) Reform in the NWFP and the Baluchistan like other
provinces.
11) Muslims should be given services of the state.
12) Constitution for the protection and the promotion of the
Muslim culture, education, language religion and
civilizations
13) One-third representation in central and provincial
cabinet
14)The constitution shall not be changed without concern
of Indian federation
Allahbad Address 1930
Annual Session of All India Muslim League
Allama Iqbal clarified Two nation theory and demanded a
separate homeland
Round Tables Conferences 1930-1932.
 After publishing Simon commission report , Congress annual
meeting at Lahore,(Dec,1929) Civil disobedience movement
launched under Gandhi's leadership in April1930. Gandhi and
Nehru arrested. Govt started Round Table Conferences
I Round Table Conference: 12th Nov,1930 to 19th Jan 1931
Congress boycott, Muslim League attended the conference
Eight sub Committees formed. accepted the proposal of full
responsible government in provinces and a federal system in
the centre.
Gandhi Irvin Pact: Lord Irvin invited Gandhi
for talks, continued from17thto19thFeb,1931.
Agreement signed on 5th March 1931.
i-Congress will call off civil disobedience
ii-attend 2nd Round Table Conference
iii- Government would withdraw all ordinances which curb
the Congress
iii- release detained persons.
II Round Table Conference:
 From7thSep, 1931 till 1st Dec1931 in London.
 Gandhi from Congress and Allama Iqbal
from Muslim League.
 Gandhi’s stubborn attitude towards minorities
 Conference ended without any conclusion
III Round Table Conference
 From 17th Nov, 1932 to 24th Nov 1932
 Congress abstained from the conference
 Sir Agha Khan from Muslim League
 Congress Leaders were in jail because of civil
disobedience movement again
 Conference ended without achieving goals
Communal Award( August 1932)
British Governmentt published their own scheme
Retained separate electorate, reduced
Muslim majority to minority in Punjab and
Bengal, political rejected the Award
Government of India Act 1935.
The recommendations of round table
conferences published in 1933.
 Report of committee ( Sir Agha Khan, Zaferullah
Khan, Shafat Ahmed Khan, AbdurRahim,A H
Ghaznzvi) published in 1934 in a Bill of Law.
 After approval of British parliament, the Bill
enforced as Government of India Act,1935.
 The Act contained, 14 parts and 10 Schedules,
consisted of two parts
I. Provincial subjects II. Federal subjects
 Political leaders rejected it and Quid declared
as a defective document
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1937 Elections and Congress Rule
 Congress achieved big victory. Muslim
League failed to get seats even in Muslim
majority areas
 Congress ‘s rigid and dictatorial attitude
after winning elections
 Congress formed ministries in 8 provinces.
Muslim ministry was formed in Sindh but
dissolved because of Congress
conspiracies
End of Congress Rule and Day of
Deliverance