AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AndiBesseAhsaniyah
, Physio
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SISTEM SARAF
OTONOM
Sistem saraf otonom adalah bagian dari
SST (Sistem Saraf Tepi) yang mengatur fungsi
viseral tubuh. Sistem saraf otonom merupakan
gabungan saraf sensorik dan saraf motorik.
Sistem saraf otonom diaktifkan oleh pusatpusat yang terletak di medula spinalis, batang
otak, hipotalamus dan bagian korteks serebri
khususnya korteks limbik. Sistem saraf otonom
adalah bagian dari sistem saraf yang memasok
organ internal, termasuk pembuluh darah, lambu
ng, usus, hati, ginjal, kandung kemih, paru-paru,
pupil, jantung, keringat, ludah, dan kelenjar
pencernaan.
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the
peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates
the body’s visceral functions. The autonomic
nervous system operates unconsciously or
without direct control from the central nervous
system. It consists of both sensory and motor
nerves.
The autonomic nervous system is activated by
centers located in the spinal cord, brainstem,
hypothalamus, and parts of the cerebral cortex,
especially the limbic cortex. The autonomic
nervous system is the part of the nervous
system that supplies internal organs, including
blood vessels, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys
, bladder, lungs, pupils, heart, sweat glands,
salivary glands, and digestive glands.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
Blood Pressure
Heart rate and
breathing
Digestion
Body
temperature
The production
of body fluids.
The autonomic nervous system is a nervous system that
controls involuntary movements and regulates body functions.
ANATOMI
SISTEM
SARAF
OTONOM
Saraf otonom terdiri atas neuron yang terdapat
pada susunan saraf pusat dan berhubungan
dengan ganglion otonom. Jalur saraf otonom
yang berjalan dari susunan saraf pusat terdiri
dari dua neuron, yaitu neuron praganglion dan
neuron pascaganglion.
Anatomy of
autonomic
nerves system
The autonomic nerves consist of neurons
located in the central nervous system
and connected to autonomic ganglia. The
autonomic nerve pathways that extend
from the central nervous system consist of
two neurons: the preganglionic neuron
and the postganglionic neuron.
Secara fisiologis, saraf otonom memang bekerja otomatis, tetapi tetap dike
ndalikan dan diatur oleh pusat-pusat di SSP, yaitu:
•Hipotalamus → pusat utama pengatur fungsi otonom (suhu, lapar, stres)
•Batang otak → mengatur fungsi vital seperti napas dan denyut jantung
•Medula spinalis → jalur refleks otonom
•Korteks serebri (terutama sistem limbik) → memengaruhi respon emosi
(takut, cemas) yang bisa memicu respon otonom
Contoh:
•Saat stres atau takut → otak (SSP) mengaktifkan saraf simpatik → jantung
berdebar, napas cepat
•Saat rileks → SSP mengaktifkan parasimpatik → tubuh jadi lebih tenang
Jadi, meskipun bekerja tanpa disadari, sistem saraf otonom tetap berada
di bawah kontrol SSP.
Menurut sifat kerjanya, terdiri dari dua
bagian yaitu :
01
02
Sistem Saraf
Simpatik
Sistem Saraf
Parasimpatik
Based on their functional characteristics,
they are divided into two parts:
01
Sympathetic
nervous
systems.
02
Parasympathetic
nervous systems.
Saraf Simpatik
Bagian dari sistem saraf otonom yang memiliki ganglion
yang terletak di sepanjang tulang belakang yang menempel
pada sumsum tulang belakang sehingga memiliki serabut
pra-ganglion pendek dan serabut post-ganglion panjang.
Saraf simpatik merupakan saraf yang berpangkal pada
medula spinalis di daerah leher dan pinggang, sehingga
disebut saraf torakolumbar.
Sympathetic
Nerves
A part of the autonomic nervous system whose
ganglia are located along the vertebral column an
d attached to the spinal cord, resulting in short
preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic
fibers. The sympathetic nerves originate
from the spinal cord in the cervical and lumbar
regions, and are therefore referred to as the
thoracolumbar nerves.
Fungsi Saraf Simpatik :
➢ Memperlebar pupil
➢ Menurunkan/menghambat
seksresi air ludah
➢ Mempercepat denyut jantung
➢ Memperbesar bronkus
➢ Menghambat sekresi empedu
➢ Mengubah glikogen menjadi
glukosa
➢ Meningkatkan sekresi adrenalin
➢ Memacu tekanan darah
Functions of the Sympathetic N
ervous System:
• Dilates the pupils
• Decreases/inhibits salivary
secretion
• Increases heart rate
• Dilates the bronchi
• Inhibits bile secretion
• Converts glycogen into glucose
• Increases adrenaline secretion
• Raises blood pressure
Sistem Saraf Parasimpatik
Saraf Parasimpatik
Saraf yang berpangkal pada medulla oblongata. Oleh
karena itu saraf parasimpatis disebut juga saraf
craniosacral. Susunan saraf parasimpatis berupa
saraf-saraf yang berhubungan dengan ganglion yang
tersebar di seluruh tubuh.
Sistem Saraf Parasimpatik
Parasympathetic Nerves
Nerves that originate from the medulla oblongata.
Therefore, the parasympathetic nerves are also called the
craniosacral nerves. The parasympathetic nervous
system is arranged as a network
connected to ganglia distributed throughout the
body.
Fungsi Saraf
Parasimpatis
1. Menyempitkan pupil
2. Meningkatkan sekresi ludah
3. Memperkecil bronkus
4. Mempercepat gerak peristaltik
5. Menghambat denyut jantung
6. Menurunkan sekresi adrenalin
7. Menurunkan tekanan darah
Functions of the Para
sympathetic Nervous
System
•Constricts the pupils
•Increases salivary secretion
•Constricts the bronchi
•Accelerates peristaltic movement
•Slows the heart rate
•Decreases adrenaline secretion
•Lowers blood pressure
1. Serabut Preganglionik
Serabut ini berasal dari sistem saraf pusat (otak atau medula spin
alis) dan menuju ke ganglion.
• Simpatis
Asal: thorakolumbal (T1–L2)
Serabut Preganglionik pendek dan menuju ganglion simpatis
(dekat tulang belakang)
• Parasimpatis
Asal: kraniosakral (saraf kranial & S2–S4)
Serabut Preganglionik panjang dan menuju ganglion yang dekat/d
i dalam organ
2. Serabut Postganglionik
Serabut ini membawa impuls dari ganglion ke organ target.
• Simpatis
Serabut Postganglionik panjang karena ganglion dekat
dengan medula spinalis
• Parasimpatis
Serabut Postganglionik pendek karena ganglion dekat
dengan organ
Preganglionic Fibers
These fibers originate from the central nervous system (brain or
spinal cord) and project to the ganglion.
•
Sympathetic
Origin: thoracolumbar (T1–L2)
Preganglionic fibers are short and project to the sympathetic
ganglia (located near the spinal column).
• Parasympathetic
Origin: craniosacral (cranial nerves & S2–S4)
Preganglionic fibers are long and project to ganglia located
near or within the target organs.
Postganglionic Fibers
These fibers carry impulses from the ganglion to the target
organ.
• Sympathetic
Postganglionic fibers are long because the ganglia are
located near the spinal cord.
• Parasympathetic
Postganglionic fibers are short because the ganglia are
located near or within the target organs.
Neurotransmitter dan Reseptor Sistem Saraf
Otonom
Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system is
divided into two types: adrenergic and cholinergic.
Cholinergik
Adrenergik
Cholinergik dan Adrenergik
Acetylcholine
(ACh)
Dua neurotransmiter utama
ACh dilepaskan dari semua serabut praganglion dan semua
serabut postganglion parasimpatik.
Norepinephrine
(NE)
NE dilepaskan oleh semua serabut postganglion simpatik, kecuali
serabut yang menuju: kelenjar keringat kulit, beberapa pembuluh
darah dalam otot rangka, dan genitalia eksternal (melepaskan ACh)
Cholinergik dan Adrenergik
Acetylcholine
(ACh)
Two main neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
(NE)
ACh is released from all preganglionic fibers and all parasympathetic pos
tganglionic fibers. NE is released by all sympathetic postganglionic fibers,
except those that innervate sweat glands of the skin,
some blood vessels in skeletal muscles, and the external genitalia (which
release ACh).
Efek Perangsangan Simpatis dan Parasimpatis pada
Organ Viseral
Kelenjar
Perangsangan
Perangsangan
Simpatis
Parasimpatis
Nasalis, Lakrimal, Saliva
Vasokontriksi dan sekresi ringan
Banyak sekali sekresi
Kelenjar Keringat
Banyak sekali keringat
Berkeringat pada telapak tangan
Kelenjar Apokrin
Kental, sekresi yang berbau
Tidak ada
Pembuluh darah
Seringkali konstriksi
Sedikit efek atau tidak sama sekali
Organ
Jantung
Perangsangan
Perangsangan
Simpatis
Parasimpatis
Peningkatan kecepatan
Pengurangan kecepatan
dan kekuatan kontraksi
dan kekuatan kontraksi
(khususnya atrium)
Ginjal
Berkurangnya sekresi
Tidak ada
renin
Kandung Kemih
Peningkatan kandung
Pengosongan kandung
kemih
kemih
PERANGSANGAN SARAF
SIMPATIS
❑ Sistem saraf simpatis seringkali memberikan respon terhadap
pelepasan impuls secara massal. Fenomena ini biasa disebut mass
discharge.
❑ Peristiwa ini seringkali timbul bila hipothalamus diaktivasi oleh
timbulnya rasa takut, rasa cemas, ataupun rasa nyeri yang berat.
❑ Akibat yang timbul menyebar ke seluruh tubuh disebut respon stres
atau tanda bahaya.
SYMPATHETIC NERVE STIMULATION
The sympathetic nervous system often produces responses through the
mass release of impulses. This phenomenon is commonly called mass
discharge.
This event often occurs when the hypothalamus is activated by feelings
of fear, anxiety, or severe pain.
The resulting effects spread throughout the body and are referred to as
the stress response or alarm reaction.
PERANGSANGAN SARAF
PARASIMPATIS
❑ Berbeda dengan respon saraf simpatis dengan pelepasan impuls
secara massal, fungsi pengaturan saraf parasimpatis sepertinya jauh
lebih spesifik.
❑ Contohnya saraf parasimpatis pada kardiovaskular hanya berfungsi
menurunkan frekuensi denyut jantung.
Parasympathetic Nerve Stimulation
In contrast to the sympathetic response, which involves mass
discharge of impulses, the regulatory function of the
parasympathetic nervous system is much more specific.
For example, the parasympathetic nerves in the
cardiovascular system function only to decrease the heart rate.
Refleks Otonom
(Refleks Viseral)
Pengaturan fungsi organ viseral tubuh diatur oleh refleks
otonom. Refleks otonom memungkinkan adanya respon
terhadap impuls yang berasal dari dalam tubuh.
Refleks Otonom
(Refleks Viseral)
The regulation of visceral organ functions is controlled by
autonomic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes allow responses
to impulses originating from within the body.
Saraf Simpatik
The fight-or-flight response
, also known as the acute st
ress response
•Activation: In response to acute stress, thesympathetic nervous syst
em is activated by the sudden release of hormones.
•Hormones Involved
: These hormones includeadrenaline, noradrenali
ne, andcortisol.
1.Immediate Physical Changes:
1. Increased Heart Rate: Blood pumps faster to deliver oxygen and nutrients to muscles.
2. Dilated Pupils: Enhances vision and awareness.
3. Increased Breathing Rate: More oxygen intake for energy.
4. Blood Flow Redistribution: Blood moves away from non-essential functions (e.g., digestion)
toward muscles and vital organs.
5. Sweating: Helps regulate body temperature during physical exertion.
2.Energy Mobilization:
1. Stored glucose (glycogen) in the liver and muscles is broken down into glucose for quick ene
rgy.
2. Fats are also mobilized for energy.
3.Heightened Alertness and Focus:
1. Your senses become sharper.
2. You become more alert and focused on the threat.
4.Preparation for Action:
1. You’re now ready to either fight (confront the threat) or flee (run away).
2. Muscles tense up, preparing for movement.
5.Aftermath:
1. Once the threat subsides, the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in to restore balance.
2. Heart rate and breathing return to normal, and the body relaxes.
REFERENCE
•
•
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Hall, J. E. (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (
14th ed.). Elsevier.
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: From cells to systems (9t
h ed.). Cengage Learning.
Valenti, V. E. (2024). Editorial: Understanding the role of the auton
omic nervous system in health and disease. Frontiers in Neuroscie
nce, 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1446832
Gibbins, I. (2013). Functional organization of autonomic neural pat
hways. Organogenesis, 9(3), 169–175.
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