Ethnobotanically Selected Plants for an Adaptogenic Multi‑Vitamin–Mineral Premix in Livestock and Aquaculture Nutrition
No
Plant (botanical)
Local name
Class of
biochemical
Terpenes &
sesquiterpenoids
Active biochemical (key
compound)
Cedrol (sesquiterpene
alcohol)
1
Juniperus virginiana
(Eastern red cedar)
Kakomera
2
Crotalaria goreensis
MultVitamin/Kasamba
Ndenge
3
4
Pyrrolizidine
alkaloids
7β Hydroxy 1 methylene
8β pyrrolizidine
Desmodium
tortuosum
Phenolic
antioxidants
Chamaecrista
fasciculata
Acacia spp. (“Silver
feather acacia”; e.g.,
A. ferruginea)
Crotalaria juncea
(Sunn hemp)
Flavonoids &
glycosides
Condensed tannins,
flavonoids,
phenolic acids
Pyrrolizidine
alkaloids (seeds)
7
Phyllanthus niruri
Lignans &
terpenoids
8
Indigofera hirsuta
(hairy indigo)
Flavonol glycosides
5
6
Other active biochemical (specific
compounds)
α Cedrene, β cedrene, thujopsene, sabinene,
limonene, myrcene, terpinolene, eudesmol,
elemol
7β Hydroxy 1 methylene 8α pyrrolizidine
(dehydropyrrolizidine type PAs)
Common class
(general classe
Phenolics, flav
ethers (estragol
eugenol)
Flavonoids, ph
Total phenolics; phenolic
acids (e.g., gallic type,
caffeic type)
Quercetin and kaempferol
type glycosides
Catechin, procyanidin B1
Flavonoids, carotenoids, fatty acids and
esters (e.g., 10 undecenoic acid methyl ester;
benzene derived fatty esters)
Anthraquinones, tannins, saponins,
terpenoids
Quercetin, ellagic acid, rosmanol, other
phenolic acids
Phenolics, caro
Dehydropyrrolizidine type
alkaloids (non
monocrotaline, structurally
similar)
Phyllanthin
Other dehydropyrrolizidine type alkaloid
isomers
Kaempferol 3 O β D
glucopyranoside
Hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, 2,3 dihydro
3,5 dihydroxy 6 methyl 4H pyran 4 one,
hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid, phytol, triazole
derivatives, benzaldehyde type methoxylated
derivatives
Kaempferol 7 O β D glucopyranoside,
cinnamic acid derivatives, phenolics, a cyclic
polyol, 1 methyl β D glucopyranoside
Flavonoids, an
tannins, saponi
Tannins, flavon
saponins, anthr
triterpenoids, p
Protein, fiber, p
leaves/stems)
Flavonoids, alk
lignans, tannin
coumarins
Flavonoids, ph
9
Cynodon dactylon
(Red Napier / Napier
type pasture)
Phenolic
antioxidants
Anthocyanidin (or related
anthocyanin)
10
Calliandra spp. (e.g.,
C. portoricensis, C.
haematocephala)
Quercitrin 2″ O gallate
11
Medicago sativa
(Alfalfa)
Phenolics &
flavonoids;
galloylated
flavonoids
Flavonoids &
isoflavones
Formononetin, biochanin
A, daidzein, genistein
derivatives
Saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids,
alkaloids, n hexadecanoic acid, stigmasterol,
β sitosterol, fatty acid esters, phenolic type
volatiles
Gallic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid,
caffeic acid, quercitrin, myricitrin, afzelin,
kaempferol, myricetin, catechin, epicatechin
Saponins, flavo
steroids, alkalo
Triterpenoid saponins, β sitosterol,
stigmasterol
Flavonoids, iso
saponins, stero
carotenoids, co
coumestans, vi
Tannins, sapon
type saponins