Unit 4 Memory KEY Terms
1. Memory
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Definition: The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
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Review: Memory is essential for learning and influences our ability to recall past
experiences and information.
2. Encoding
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Definition: The initial process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be
stored in memory.
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Review: Effective encoding strategies, like visualization and elaboration, can enhance
memory retention.
3. Storage
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Definition: The process of maintaining information in memory over time.
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Review: Memory storage can be short-term (limited capacity, brief duration) or longterm (larger capacity, potentially permanent).
4. Retrieval
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Definition: The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious
awareness.
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Review: Retrieval cues, such as context and associations, can significantly enhance
recall.
5. Short-Term Memory (STM)
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Definition: A temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information for
a brief period (about 20-30 seconds).
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Review: STM typically has a capacity of about 7 ± 2 items, as proposed by Miller's Law.
6. Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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Definition: A more permanent storage system that can hold vast amounts of
information for extended periods.
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Review: LTM is divided into explicit (declarative) memory, which includes facts and
events, and implicit (non-declarative) memory, which includes skills and procedures.
7. Working Memory
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Definition: A system for temporarily holding and manipulating information necessary
for complex cognitive tasks.
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Review: Working memory involves the active processing of information, integrating it
with existing knowledge.
8. Encoding Strategies
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Definition: Techniques used to enhance the encoding process.
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Review: Common strategies include chunking (grouping information), mnemonics
(memory aids), and semantic encoding (focusing on meaning).
9. Retrieval Cues
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Definition: Stimuli that help retrieve a memory from storage.
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Review: Contextual and emotional cues can trigger recall, demonstrating the
associative nature of memory.
10. Amnesia
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Definition: A loss of memory, which can be caused by injury, disease, or psychological
trauma.
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Review: Types include retrograde amnesia (loss of past memories) and anterograde
amnesia (inability to form new memories).
11. Interference
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Definition: The process by which old or new information disrupts the retrieval of other
memories.
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Review: Types include proactive interference (old memories hinder new) and
retroactive interference (new memories hinder old).
12. Consolidation
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Definition: The process of stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition.
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Review: Sleep plays a critical role in memory consolidation, enhancing the transfer of
information from short-term to long-term memory.
13. Flashbulb Memory
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Definition: A highly detailed and vivid memory of a significant event.
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Review: Flashbulb memories often feel very accurate and emotional but can still be
subject to distortion over time.
14. Encoding Failure
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Definition: The inability to remember information due to insufficient encoding.
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Review: Information may never be encoded into long-term memory, leading to
forgetfulness.
15. Spaced Repetition
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Definition: A learning technique that involves reviewing information at increasing
intervals.
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Review: Spaced repetition enhances long-term retention compared to massed practice
(cramming).