SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY FIRST SEMESTER NOTES: MIDTERMS TOPIC 2: FOURTH INDISTRIAL REVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIES 3D PRINTING DEFINITION 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, creates threedimensional objects from digital files. BRIEF HISTORY OF 3D PRITNING 1981 1986 1989 1990 2005 TODAY Dr. Hideo Kodama invented an early 3D printer using UV-Resin Chuck Hall presents stereolithography (SLA) and the .stl file format Scott Crump patents fused deposition modeling (FDM) and founded Stratasys. 3D systems release SLA-1 Expansion of 3D printing with new technologies and companies Rep-Rap Project by Dr. Adrian Bowyer introduces open-source, self-replicating 3D printers. 3D printing is used in Aerospace, healthcare, and automotive, and more. HOW DOES 3D PRINTING WORK? 3D printing works because it lays down all the materials, be it plastic or metal, in creating a three-dimensional product from a digital model. The printer keeps depositing material, in accordance with a design, layer by layer to produce the final product. EXISTING AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES o o o o o Manufacturing/Industrial Medical & Healthcare Military & Defense Construction Art IMPACTS AND RISKS CASE 1: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELFARE Reduces the need for manual labor in production contributing to: o Job Losses o Increase in Labor Standard (need for specific qualifications to operate 3D printing software and devices) CASE 2: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR Heating process releases volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) from the filament being used. Filaments that can release VOCs: o ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) o release styrene o PLA (poly-lactic acid) o release lactide Potential Health Risk o Short term exposure o skin & eye irritation o Long term exposure o respiratory issues (asthma, bronchitis, and irritation of the respiratory tract CASE 3: SECURITY RISK 3D printing is designed using CAD (Computer Aided Design) software, which creates files that may include sensitive information. Hackers can target these systems to add defects to printed items, steal design blueprints, or engage in spying. NANOTECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW / BACKGROUND Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating materials on the Atomic and molecular level, typically between the nanometers of 1 and 100. At this scale, materials have unique properties that are different from their bulk form, and they can be stronger, lighter, and even more reactive. o BRIEF HISTORY OF NANO TECHNOLOGY 1959 1974 1980s 1990s 21st CENT. Rooted with Richard Feynman (Physicist) who envisioned the possibility of building materials and devices at an atomic level The term “Nanotechnology” was coined by Norio Taniguchi Nanotechnology gained significant momentum with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer Discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Iijima which catalyzed widespread research into nanomaterials Nanotechnology has expanded from research to commercialization with its applications in medicine, electronics, and energy. HOW DOES NANOTECHNOLOGY WORK Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the scale of nanometers, integrating physical, chemical and biological sciences Enables the creation of new materials, devices and systems with unique properties by assembling structures atom by atom with small structures invisible to the naked eye Enhances surface area for better interaction with other materials and bridges classical and quantum mechanics in a mesoscopic system. Supports innovations (such as agriculture, medicine and tools) by using reverse engineering to deconstruct and understand nanoscale materials rather than traditional methods that cut away material. EXISTING OR FUTURE APPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES - Computer Industry Bioprocessing Industries Agri-Industries Food Industry Poultry and the Meat Industry Fruit and Vegetable Industry Winemaking Industry Packaging Industries IMPACTS AND RISKS POSITIVE Medicine: Nanotechnology enables targeted drug delivery, improved imaging techniques, and new treatments for diseases such as cancer. Nanoparticles can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells, minimizing side effects and improving efficacy. Electronics: It allows for the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic devices, leading to advances in computing power and energy storage, such as in batteries and capacitors. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY FIRST SEMESTER NOTES: MIDTERMS NEGATIVE HOW IT WORKS Health Risks: Nanoparticles can potentially be toxic if they enter the human body or environment in unintended ways. Their small size may allow them to penetrate cells and tissues, potentially leading to unknown health effects. The Internet of Things (IoT) works by connecting physical devices embedded with sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers to collect real-time data from their surroundings. Environmental Concerns: The long-term effects of nanomaterials on ecosystems are not fully understood. They could accumulate in the environment and disrupt ecological balances. This data is transmitted using various connectivity options like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or 5G to central systems for processing and analysis, often on cloud platforms. CASES Low-Cost Nanomaterial Technology Can Detect Cancer Genes with Ultra-High Sensitivity Drs. Min-young Lee and Sung-gyu Park of the Advanced Bio and Healthcare Materials Research Division at KIMS have developed a technology that can detect cancer mutant genes in blood using plasmonic nanomaterials (are discrete metallic particles.) They tested lung cancer patients from stages 1-4 and had a diagnostic accuracy of 96%. This combines nanomaterial technology that suppresses the fluorescence signal of normal genes, amplifying the signals of cancer mutant genes. Nature-Based Filtration Material Could Remove Long-Lasting Chemicals from Water A new filtration material developed by researchers at MIT might provide a solution to this stubborn contamination issue. The material, based on natural silk fibrils and cellulose, can remove a wide range of these persistent chemicals as well as heavy metals. FACTS/TRIVIA 1) 2) 3) For perspective of how small a nanometer is: o 0.000,000,001 meters (1x10-9 meter) o fingernails grow about one nanometer every second o A beard grows about a nanometer between the time he picks up a razor and lifts it to his face If someone works with systems smaller than 100 nanometers, you're a nanotechnologist. In fact, we've been using nanotech for centuries—like the crystals in medieval stained glass that give them their color. Scientists are using nanotechnology to create an invisibility cloak. At extreme temperatures, light bends away from objects that ‘disappear’. INTERNET OF THINGS DESCRIPTION The Internet of Things is a concept in which it describes the network of physical objects (the “things”) o o o 1997 1999 1962 1969 These things consist of sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. The number of users keeps on growing by the minute British technologist Kevin Ashton, cofounder of Auto-ID center at MIT, began exploring a technology framework, radio-frequency identification (RFID) In a speech, Kevin Ashton coined the phrase “the Internet of things” The internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) DARPA evolved into ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) Once processed, users can interact with the data through mobile apps or dashboards, allowing them to monitor and control the devices. - IoT systems also enable automation, where devices can perform tasks, such as adjusting temperature or lighting, based on the data without human intervention, making environments more efficient and responsive EXISTING OR FUTURE APPLICATIONS HEALTHCARE Telemedicine: online consultation Improved Disease Management: early detection Wearable Devices: Tracking health (vital signs, sugar levels, etc.) TRANSPORTATION Autonomous Vehicles Fleet Management Public Transport EDUCATION Smart Classrooms Campus Safety Resource management HOME AND LIFESTYLE Smart Homes Health and Fitness Home Security AGRICULTURE Precision Farming Livestock Monitoring Supply Chain Efficiency ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Wildlife Monitoring Pollution Control Disaster Management FINANCIAL SERVICES Fraud Detection Customer Engagement GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SERVICES E-Government Services Public Health IMPACTS AND RISKS Revolutionizing Connectivity and Integration merging physical and digital realms, enabling real-time communication between devices regardless of location Transformation of Work and Education accelerating trends like remote work and online learning that gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic Enhanced Automation and Efficiency improved automation and efficiency by enabling remote control of devices through smartphones and tablets, allowing for tasks like temperature adjustment and real-time notifications. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY FIRST SEMESTER NOTES: MIDTERMS Advanced Tracking and Resource Management enhanced tracking and resource management with advancements like RFID tags, which allow for automatic and remote data collection, improving inventory accuracy and efficiency Emergence of New Business Models Industry 4.0 has transformed business models with interconnected devices, automation, and machine learning, enhancing operational efficiency and decision-making. RISKS - Privacy threats Security vulnerabilities Complexity in implementation High initial costs Data overload Limited standardization Reliability and downtime FUN FACTS/ TRIVIA China is home to the largest IoT network in the world, with millions of connected devices used for everything from traffic management to public safety and environmental monitoring. Beekeepers are using IoT technology to monitor the health of bee colonies, tracking temperature, humidity, and hive activity to prevent colony collapse and improve honey production. IoT isn’t just limited to Earth. NASA uses IoT technology in space exploration to monitor spacecraft systems and gather data from remote sensors on other planets