SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
FIRST SEMESTER NOTES: MIDTERMS
TOPIC 2: FOURTH INDISTRIAL REVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIES
3D PRINTING
DEFINITION
3D printing, or additive manufacturing, creates threedimensional objects from digital files.
BRIEF HISTORY OF 3D PRITNING
1981
1986
1989
1990
2005
TODAY
Dr. Hideo Kodama invented an early 3D printer
using UV-Resin
Chuck Hall presents stereolithography (SLA) and
the .stl file format
Scott Crump patents fused deposition modeling
(FDM) and founded Stratasys.
3D systems release SLA-1
Expansion of 3D printing with new technologies
and companies
Rep-Rap Project by Dr. Adrian Bowyer introduces
open-source, self-replicating 3D printers.
3D printing is used in Aerospace, healthcare,
and automotive, and more.
HOW DOES 3D PRINTING WORK?
3D printing works because it lays down all the materials, be it
plastic or metal, in creating a three-dimensional product from
a digital model.
The printer keeps depositing material, in accordance with a
design, layer by layer to produce the final product.
EXISTING AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES
o
o
o
o
o
Manufacturing/Industrial
Medical & Healthcare
Military & Defense
Construction
Art
IMPACTS AND RISKS
CASE 1: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELFARE
Reduces the need for manual labor in production
contributing to:
o Job Losses
o Increase in Labor Standard (need for specific
qualifications to operate 3D printing software and
devices)
CASE 2: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
Heating process releases volatile organic compounds
(VOC’s) from the filament being used.
Filaments that can release VOCs:
o ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
o release styrene
o PLA (poly-lactic acid)
o release lactide
Potential Health Risk
o Short term exposure
o skin & eye irritation
o Long term exposure
o respiratory issues (asthma, bronchitis, and irritation of
the respiratory tract
CASE 3: SECURITY RISK
3D printing is designed using CAD (Computer Aided Design)
software, which creates files that may include sensitive
information.
Hackers can target these systems to add defects to printed
items, steal design blueprints, or engage in spying.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW / BACKGROUND
Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating materials on
the Atomic and molecular level, typically between the
nanometers of 1 and 100.
At this scale, materials have unique properties that are
different from their bulk form, and they can be stronger,
lighter, and even more reactive.
o
BRIEF HISTORY OF NANO TECHNOLOGY
1959
1974
1980s
1990s
21st CENT.
Rooted with Richard Feynman (Physicist) who
envisioned the possibility of building materials
and devices at an atomic level
The term “Nanotechnology” was coined by
Norio Taniguchi
Nanotechnology
gained
significant
momentum with the invention of the scanning
tunneling microscope (STM) by Gerd Binning
and Heinrich Rohrer
Discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio
Iijima which catalyzed widespread research
into nanomaterials
Nanotechnology has expanded from research
to commercialization with its applications in
medicine, electronics, and energy.
HOW DOES NANOTECHNOLOGY WORK
Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the scale
of nanometers, integrating physical, chemical and biological
sciences
Enables the creation of new materials, devices and systems
with unique properties by assembling structures atom by atom
with small structures invisible to the naked eye
Enhances surface area for better interaction with other
materials and bridges classical and quantum mechanics in a
mesoscopic system.
Supports innovations (such as agriculture, medicine and tools)
by using reverse engineering to deconstruct and understand
nanoscale materials rather than traditional methods that cut
away material.
EXISTING OR FUTURE APPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES
-
Computer Industry
Bioprocessing Industries
Agri-Industries
Food Industry
Poultry and the Meat Industry
Fruit and Vegetable Industry
Winemaking Industry
Packaging Industries
IMPACTS AND RISKS
POSITIVE
Medicine: Nanotechnology enables targeted drug delivery,
improved imaging techniques, and new treatments for
diseases such as cancer. Nanoparticles can deliver drugs
directly to diseased cells, minimizing side effects and
improving efficacy.
Electronics: It allows for the development of smaller, faster,
and more efficient electronic devices, leading to advances
in computing power and energy storage, such as in batteries
and capacitors.
SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
FIRST SEMESTER NOTES: MIDTERMS
NEGATIVE
HOW IT WORKS
Health Risks: Nanoparticles can potentially be toxic if they
enter the human body or environment in unintended ways.
Their small size may allow them to penetrate cells and tissues,
potentially leading to unknown health effects.
The Internet of Things (IoT) works by connecting physical
devices
embedded
with
sensors,
actuators,
and
microcontrollers to collect real-time data from their
surroundings.
Environmental Concerns: The long-term effects of
nanomaterials on ecosystems are not fully understood. They
could accumulate in the environment and disrupt ecological
balances.
This data is transmitted using various connectivity options like
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or 5G to central systems for processing and
analysis, often on cloud platforms.
CASES
Low-Cost Nanomaterial Technology Can Detect Cancer
Genes with Ultra-High Sensitivity
Drs. Min-young Lee and Sung-gyu Park of the Advanced Bio
and Healthcare Materials Research Division at KIMS have
developed a technology that can detect cancer mutant
genes in blood using plasmonic nanomaterials (are discrete
metallic particles.)
They tested lung cancer patients from stages 1-4 and had a
diagnostic accuracy of 96%. This combines nanomaterial
technology that suppresses the fluorescence signal of normal
genes, amplifying the signals of cancer mutant genes.
Nature-Based Filtration Material Could Remove Long-Lasting
Chemicals from Water
A new filtration material developed by researchers at MIT
might provide a solution to this stubborn contamination issue.
The material, based on natural silk fibrils and cellulose, can
remove a wide range of these persistent chemicals as well as
heavy metals.
FACTS/TRIVIA
1)
2)
3)
For perspective of how small a nanometer is:
o 0.000,000,001 meters (1x10-9 meter)
o fingernails grow about one nanometer every second
o A beard grows about a nanometer between the time
he picks up a razor and lifts it to his face
If someone works with systems smaller than 100
nanometers, you're a nanotechnologist. In fact, we've
been using nanotech for centuries—like the crystals in
medieval stained glass that give them their color.
Scientists are using nanotechnology to create an
invisibility cloak. At extreme temperatures, light bends
away from objects that ‘disappear’.
INTERNET OF THINGS
DESCRIPTION
The Internet of Things is a concept in which it describes the
network of physical objects (the “things”)
o
o
o
1997
1999
1962
1969
These things consist of sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems
over the internet.
These devices range from ordinary household objects
to sophisticated industrial tools.
The number of users keeps on growing by the minute
British technologist Kevin Ashton, cofounder of
Auto-ID center at MIT, began exploring a
technology framework, radio-frequency
identification (RFID)
In a speech, Kevin Ashton coined the phrase
“the Internet of things”
The internet, itself a significant component of
the IoT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency)
DARPA evolved into ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network)
Once processed, users can interact with the data through
mobile apps or dashboards, allowing them to monitor and
control the devices.
-
IoT systems also enable automation, where devices
can perform tasks, such as adjusting temperature or
lighting, based on the data without human
intervention, making environments more efficient and
responsive
EXISTING OR FUTURE APPLICATIONS
HEALTHCARE
Telemedicine: online consultation
Improved Disease Management: early detection
Wearable Devices: Tracking health (vital signs, sugar
levels, etc.)
TRANSPORTATION
Autonomous Vehicles
Fleet Management
Public Transport
EDUCATION
Smart Classrooms
Campus Safety
Resource management
HOME AND LIFESTYLE
Smart Homes
Health and Fitness
Home Security
AGRICULTURE
Precision Farming
Livestock Monitoring
Supply Chain Efficiency
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Wildlife Monitoring
Pollution Control
Disaster Management
FINANCIAL SERVICES
Fraud Detection
Customer Engagement
GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SERVICES
E-Government Services
Public Health
IMPACTS AND RISKS
Revolutionizing Connectivity and Integration
merging physical and digital realms, enabling real-time
communication between devices regardless of location
Transformation of Work and Education
accelerating trends like remote work and online learning that
gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic
Enhanced Automation and Efficiency
improved automation and efficiency by enabling remote
control of devices through smartphones and tablets, allowing
for tasks like temperature adjustment and real-time
notifications.
SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
FIRST SEMESTER NOTES: MIDTERMS
Advanced Tracking and Resource Management
enhanced tracking and resource management with
advancements like RFID tags, which allow for automatic and
remote data collection, improving inventory accuracy and
efficiency
Emergence of New Business Models
Industry 4.0 has transformed business models with
interconnected devices, automation, and machine learning,
enhancing operational efficiency and decision-making.
RISKS
-
Privacy threats
Security vulnerabilities
Complexity in implementation
High initial costs
Data overload
Limited standardization
Reliability and downtime
FUN FACTS/ TRIVIA
China is home to the largest IoT network in the world, with
millions of connected devices used for everything from traffic
management to public safety and environmental monitoring.
Beekeepers are using IoT technology to monitor the health of
bee colonies, tracking temperature, humidity, and hive
activity to prevent colony collapse and improve honey
production.
IoT isn’t just limited to Earth. NASA uses IoT technology in
space exploration to monitor spacecraft systems and gather
data from remote sensors on other planets