Senior High School
Disciplines and Ideas
in the Social Science
Quarter 2 - Module 3:
Social Sciences: Key Concepts and Ideas Rooted in Filipino Language/s and Experiences
and Its Role in the Real World
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 3: Social Sciences: Key Concepts and Ideas Rooted in Filipino
Language/s and Experiences and Its Role in the Real World
Second Edition, 2021
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Senior High School
DISCIPLINES ANDIDEAS
IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Quarter 2-Module 3:
SOCIAL SCIENCES: KEY CONCEPTS AND
IDEAS ROOTED IN FILIPINO LANGUAGE/S
AND EXPERIENCES AND ITS ROLE IN THE
REAL WORLD
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations
to
the
Department
of
Education
atmisamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
What This Module is About…………………………………………………………… 5
What I Need to Know ………………………………………………………………… 6
How to Learn from this Module………………………………………………………. 6
Icons of this Module…………………………………………………………………… 7
Lesson 1 – Filipino Thinkers in the Social Sciences: 19th-21stCentury
What I Know………………………………………………………..….. 8
What’s In……………………………………………………………….. 9
What’s New …………………………………………………………… 9
What Is It………………………………………………………………. 10
What’s More…………………………………………………………… 12
What I Have Learned………………………………………………… 13
What I Can Do………………………………………………………… 14
Lesson 2 – The Roles and Significance of Filipinos’ Indigenous Social Ideas to
National Development
What I Know…………………………………………..……..………... 16
What’s In……………………………………………………………….. 18
What’s New …………………………………………………………… 18
What Is It………………………………………………………………. 19
What’s More…………………………………………………………… 31
What I Have Learned………………………………………………… 31
What I Can Do…………………………………………………… …… 32
Lesson 3 – The Practical Use of Social Sciences in Addressing Social Concerns
And Phenomenon
What I Know………………………………………………………….... 34
What’s In……………………………………………………………….. 36
What’s New …………………………………………………………… 37
4
What Is It………………………………………………………………. 37
What’s More…………………………………………………………… 47
What I Have Learned………………………………………………… 48
What I Can Do………………………………………………………… 48
Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………….. 48
Key Answer…………………………………………………………………………… 50
References……………………………………………………………………………. 53
5
What This Module is About
Welcome to the world of Social Science Learners!
Social science is a discipline of science concerned with the study of
societies and the interpersonal connections that exist within them. Since the
beginning of studies on society and people's lives, major social science ideas
have evolved. These concepts contribute to societal growth, particularly in
terms of sociocultural, economic, and political contexts.
This module is designed to help you uncover how these major social
sciences ideas contributed in the interpretation in various social phenomena.
Module Content:
In this module, you will learn about thekey concepts in the Social Sciences
rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences; and the role of Social Science in the real
world.
These are the competencies covered in the module:
1. Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social
Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences:
a. 19th Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)
b. 20th- 21stCentury (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw,others);
2. Evaluate the roles andsignificance of Filipinos’ indigenous social ideas to
national development;
3. Analyze the practical use of Social Sciences in addressing social concerns
and phenomenon.
What I Need to Know
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the competencies mentioned above, the students should be participative to
do the following:
•
Make time to read the module and understand the concepts and ideas covered
in this module.
6
•
•
•
•
•
Follow instructions specified in each of the activities included in the lessons of
this module.
Answer all the given assessments (pre or post) and activities in this module.
Remember to review every time you are done answering all the activities found in
this module.
Search for answers from the internet for any misconceptions of ideas or further
explanations.
Feel free to ask your teacher for any queries and concerns in this module.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to
Know
This part contains learning objectives that
are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know
This is an assessment as to your level of
knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s In
What’s New
An introduction of the new lesson through
various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It
These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.
What’s More
These are follow-up activities that are intended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have
Learned
Activities designed to process what you
have learned from the lesson
What I can do
These are tasks that are designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
7
What I Know (Pretest)
This activity will enable you to assess your prior knowledge from the topic that
will be discussed in this lesson.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer, and write the CAPITAL LETTER of
your answer in the space provided.
___1. He founded the La Liga Filipina and the novel Noli Me Tangere, with the
objective of enlightening the Filipino people's minds.
A. Isabelo delos Reyes
B. Marcelo del Pilar
C. Jose Rizal
___2. Plaridel, Piping Dilat, and Dolores Manapat are some of his pen names.
A. Jose Rizal
B. Zeus Salazar
C. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
___3. He is the revolutionist who founded Katipunan/KKK (Kataastaasan,
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng bayan.
A. Free Will
B. Andres Bonifacio
C. Manuel Quezon
___4.He is theFather of Socialism.
A. Isabelo delos Reyes
B. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
C. Zeus Salazar
___5. The Filipino historian who promotes Pantayong Pananaw, a self-reflective
approach to Philippine history.
A. Jose Rizal
B. Manuel Quezon
C. Zeus Salazar
MODULE 3
8
Lesson
1
Filipino Thinker in the Social Sciences: 19th 21stCentury
What I need to know:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
•
•
Discuss the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social
Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences:19th Century-21st
Century.
Examine the significance of the different key concepts/ideas influenced by
the Filipino Thinkers from 19th to 21st Centuries.
What’s In
Directions: Words containing jumbled letters are listed below. Each word conveys
information on Filipino thinkers from the 19th to the 21st centuries. Try to put them in the
right order and write the correct answer on the space provided below.
1. Siokolihgnay Piilipon ___________________________________________
2. Nopilifi rskethin _______________________________________________
3. Eojs Raliz ___________________________________________________
4. Ilon Em Tnageer ______________________________________________
5. Yongtapan nawnapa ___________________________________________
What’s New
Directions: Give some examples of Filipino Social Thinkers from the 19th – 21st century
that you are familiar with. There are no correct or incorrect answers. Your personal
thoughts are important.
9
FILIPINO SOCIAL
THINKERS FROM THE
19TH – 21ST CENTURY
What Is It
FILIPINO THINKERS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: 19th CENTURY
Individuals in society who can be considered forerunners and visionaries in
the advancement of society at a given time are known as social thinkers. They can also
be considered great personalities who have made substantial contributions to the
evolution of political and social ideas and philosophy. They also made substantial
contributions to the progress of social scientific areas.Many Filipino social thinkers have
enhanced the efficiency and enrichment of social and political ideas in the Philippines.
José Rizal, full name José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (June 19,
1861 – December 30, 1896)
He was a Filipino patriot, physician, and writer who was an inspiration to the
Philippine nationalist movement. Noli me tangere (The Social Cancer), Rizal's first
novel, was released in 1887 and was a passionate expose of the injustices of Spanish
authority in the Philippines.Jose Rizal believed the Philippines should be a part of
Spain, that Filipinos should have the same privileges as Spaniards.
10
Isabelo delos Reyes (July 7, 1864 – October 10, 1938)
He founded the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, a Philippine church that is selfgoverning. He is referred to as the "Father of Philippine Folklore," "Father of Philippine
Labor," and "Father of Philippine Socialism.".He also published several studies on
Philippine history and culture. Among his works include Las Islas Visayas Durante La
Epocade la Conquista (1887 and 1889), La Expedicion de Li-Mahong contra Filipinas in
1574 (1888), Prehistoria de Filipinas (1889); El Folklore Filipino (1889), and Historia de
llocos (1890). He founded the first labor organization, Union Obrera Democratica
Filipina, and started strikes against American corporations.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896)
He advocated the Propaganda Movement's objectives of reforming the
colonial administration, curtailing the powers and abuses of the Spanish friars,
achieving equal rights for Spaniards and Filipinos, and providing Philippine
representation in the Spanish Cortes. His works include "PagibigsaTinubuangLupa,"
"CaiigatCayo," "Dasalan at Tocsohan," "AmainNamin," and "Aba GinoongBarya."
“Plaridel”, “Piping Dilat”, and “Dolores Manapat” are some of his pen names.
He was also a co-founder of the first Philippine multilingual newspaper, "Diyaryong
Tagalog."
FILIPINO THINKERS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: 20th – 21st CENTURY
Zeus Salazar (April 29, 1934)
He is an anthropologist, historian, and proponent of the "Pantayong
Pananaw", a self-reflective view in the study of Philippine History. He thinks that
Philippine history should be taught and appreciated through the eyes of Filipinos, and
that foreign prejudices should be avoided.
Dr. Virgilio Enriquez (November 24, 1942 – August 31, 1994)
He was a social psychologist and the "Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino" (Father
of Filipino Psychology).Sikolohiyang Pilipino seeks to explain the mindset of Filipinos
based on their cultural, historical, philosophical, and religious backgrounds.
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Renato Constantino (March 10, 1919 – September 15, 1999)
Renato was a Filipino historian who belonged to the country's socialist
historiography tradition.By revealing the misconceptions and prejudices fostered in the
work of Spanish and American historians, he challenges their prevalent beliefs and
makes a crucial step toward intellectual decolonization.
What’s More
Activity 2
Directions: Determine what is being described in the statement. Fill up the blanks with
your responses.
1. He founded the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, a Philippine church that is selfgoverning.
a. Isabelo delos Reyes
c. Renato Constantino
b. Dr. Jose Rizal
d. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
2. Hebelieved the Philippines should be a part of Spain, that Filipinos should have
the same privileges as Spaniards.
a. Zeus Salazar
c. Dr. Jose Rizal
b. Dr. Virgilio Enriquez
d. Dolores Manapat
3. He was known as “Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino”.
a. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
c. Dr. Virgilio Enriquez
b. Zeus Salazar
d. Isabelo delos Reyes
4. "Plaridel" wasone of his pen names.
a. Renato Constantino
b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
c. Andres Bonifacio
d. Dr. Jose Rizal
5. He is a proponent of the "PantayongPananaw".
a. Dr. Virgilio Enriquez
c. Renato Constantino
b. Zeus Salazar
d. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
12
What I Have Learned
Reflective Question: Who do you admire the most among Filipino Social Thinkers?
Justify at least two of his social views that you support.
Rubric for Reflections:
Above Expectations
(10)
Meets
Expectations
Below
Expectations
(5)
(1)
Reflective
Thinking
The student's personal
thoughts and learning
process are explained in
the reflections as well as
implications for future
learning.
The student's
personal thoughts
and learning
process are
explained in the
reflections.
The student's
thoughts and/or
learning are not
addressed in the
reflection.
Analysis
The reflection is a
thorough analysis of the
learning experience, the
usefulness of the
derived learning to
oneself or others, and
the improvement of the
student's respect for the
discipline.
The reflection is an
analysis of the
learning
experience, as well
as the significance
of the derived
learning to oneself
or others.
The reflection
doesn't go any
further than
describing the
learning
experience.
Making
Multiple links between
The reflection
There are no
13
Connections
this learning experience
and knowledge from
other courses, previous
learning, life events,
and/or future goals are
expressed in the
reflection.
establishes links
between this
learning experience
and other course
topics, prior
learning, life
events, and/or
future goals.
linkages to other
learning or
experience in the
reflection.
What I Can Do
Directions: Research some of the Filipino Thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in
Filipino language/s and experiences: 19th Century-21st Century who have not yet
mentioned in the discussion.Give their societal idea(s) and your thoughts about them.
FILIPINO THINKERS
SOCIAL IDEA/S
14
REFLECTION
RUBRIC:
CRITERIA
Content
Analysis
Organization
DESCRIPTION
POINTS
The student was able to
research5 Filipino
Thinkers in Social
Sciences and was able
to write social idea(s)
and interpret personal
and social experiences.
Analysis was clear and
concise.
The reflection was wellwritten, with clear ideas
that were easily
understood by the
reader.
Total
10
POINTS
OBTAINED
6
4
20
Post Test
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1.How will you put some of our Filipino Thinkers’ social concepts into practice in your l
life?
2. Why do we need toexamine the social ideas of our own Filipino Thinkers?
3. How important are the social ideas of the Filipino Thinkers presented?
15
What I Know (Pre-test)
Directions: Read the test items carefully and encircle the letter of your choice that best
answers the statement.
1. It is the study of society and the manner in which people behave and impact the
world.
A. Social Problem
C. Political Science
B. Social Science
D. Political Problem
2. __________ study the optimum allocation of scarce resources and how
individuals interact within the social structure to address issues on production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
A. Economist
C. Psychologist
B. Sociologist
D. Economics
3. ___________study culture in the past and present time.
A. Historians
C. Travellers
B. Cultural Dance Troupe
D. Anthropologist
4. ___________study past human events in order to understand the meaning,
dynamics and relationship of the causes and effects of events as they happen
through time.
A. Historians
C. Travellers
B. Cultural Dance Troupe
D. Anthropologist
5. ___________ study the different forms and processes of government and the
concepts of state, power, ideology, and politics and the effects of these concepts
to individuals and groups in society.
A. Politicians
C. Political Scientists
B. Local Government
D. National Government
6. ___________ study how the human mind works in consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead to individual actions.
A. Psychometrician
C. Psychologists
B. Psychology
D. Psychometry
7. ___________ study people’s behavior in groups rather than in individuals. They
investigate why and how people interact with each other and how they function
as a society or social subgroups.
A. Sociologists
C.Psychologists
B. Social Workers
D. Politicians
16
8. ___________study of the interaction between people and their environments.
They probe into both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and their
relationship with human societies. They also examine how human culture
interacts with the natural environment and the impact of locations and places on
people.
A. Sociologists
C. Psychologists
B. Geographers
D. Geographists
9. ___________study all aspects of society—from past events and achievements
to human behavior and relationships among groups. Their research provides
insights into the different ways individuals, groups, and institutions make
decisions, exercise power, and respond to change.
C. Sociologists
C. Politicians
A. Social Workers
D. Social scientists
10. It is one of the benefits derived from Social Scientist’s idea. Social science helps
to educate the public regarding social policy. It raises attention to a multiple of
different perspectives on society and is supportive of the public when it comes to
holding politicians and the media to account.
A. Democracy
C. Education
B. Health and Well-Being
D. Economy
17
Lesson
2
The Roles and Significance of Filipinos’ Indigenous
Social Ideas to National Development
What I need to know:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
•
•
•
Discuss the professions under the Social Sciences in the Philippines.
Describe the importance of social scientists in national affairs and academic life.
Identify and describe a social scientist’s life and contributions.
What’s In
In the previous module, we study the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers
in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences.
This time, we will study the roles and significance of Filipino’s Indigenous Social
Ideas to National Development.
What’s New
Activity 1: Answer the questions briefly.
1. What comes to your mind when you hear the word “Social Science?”
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
18
2. What is the role of Social Science in the society?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is the significance of Filipinos’ Indigenous Social Ideas to National
Development?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
What Is It
The Philippine Social Science Council
The Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) is a private, non-stock, non-profit
organization of professional social science associations and social science research
and instructional institutions in the Philippines. Its vision is “One Social Science in
solidarity with other disciplines for Filipinos and the global community”.
How It All Began
PSSC was established in 1968 through the efforts of social science stalwarts,
namely, Dr. Mercedes Concepcion, Fr. Frank Lynch, Dr. Cristina Parel, Dr. EufronioAlip
and Dr. Armand Fabella, who constituted the first Executive Board of PSSC. They
embraced the idea of an umbrella organization for the social sciences put forward by Dr.
EstafaniaAldaba-Lim of the Social and Human Sciences Committee of the UNESCO
National Commission of the Philippines in line with UNESCO’s global thrust of tapping
learned social science societies to address contemporary issues and challenges.
The early years of PSSC were spent building the institutional and financial
capability of the organization. PSSC forerunners framed PSSC’s constitution/by-laws,
established linkages and worked to secure funding support. The Ford Foundation, Asia
Foundation and the National Science Development Board were among the first
agencies to recognize PSSC’s potential and provided grants for PSSC’s newlyestablished programs.
19
In the mid-70s, following its success in program implementation, PSSC clinched
endowment grants from the Ford Foundation and the National Economic and
Development Authority, giving the organization a measure of financial independence
and stability. In 1983, PSSC operations further received a boost when the Government
of Japan gifted PSSC with its own home, the Philippine Social Science Center, which
was envisioned to be the hub of social science activities and events in the country.
PSSC’s mission, from the very beginning, has been to advance Philippine social
sciences and at the same time, serve as a platform for interdisciplinary dialogue and
activities. Early programs of PSSC reflected this thrust, such as the thesis and
dissertation assistance grants, research training project, travel and seminars program
and social science research fund. Towards the 80s, PSSC’s leadership saw the need to
expand its mandate amid the turmoil and complex challenges faced by Philippine
society. It began the quinquennial National Social Science Congress and regularized
the holding of public lectures and social issues forums designed to engage the public
and private sectors in national program and policy discussions. PSSC strengthened its
fellowships and scholarship grant administration at the start of 2000.
The Council was tapped by various international and local foundations and
agencies to administer grants and scholarships in the country. The Ford Foundation
sought PSSC’s partnership to implement the Foundation’s International Fellowships
Program (IFP), while the Asian Scholarships Foundation in Bangkok similarly asked the
Council to administer its ASIA Fellowships Awards (AFA) in the Philippines. Locally,
the Philippine Center for Population and Development (PCPD) tapped PSSC to
implement the PCPD Graduate Fellowship and Research Grant Program.
PSSC continues to be of service to the social sciences community by giving
financial support to its member-organizations in holding their national conferences;
provides supplementary funds for the conduct of research and conference presentation
abroad; organizes training workshops on timely and relevant topics; and recently,
established the Social Science Ethics Review Board (SSERB) that promotes ethical
standards and practices in social science research.
Today, PSSC is one of the country’s longest running and financially viable nonprofit organizations. It has carved its niche as a base for developing social science
scholarship and training, and repository of social science resources in the country.
Filipino Social Scientist in Various Disciplines
Filipino social scientists have significant contributions to the advancement of the
disciplines of the social sciences.Theyare individuals in society who are considered as
forefronts and visionaries toward the improvement of society in a particular time. They
are great individuals who have contributed significantly to the development of political
20
and social thoughts and philosophy.
scientists:
Below are some of the said Filipino social
Teodoro Agoncillo is a noted Filipino historian and author. In 1985,
he received the National Scientist Award for his contribution to
Philippine historiography. He is known as a nationalist author
whose books, essays, and poetry often reflects the point of view of
the Filipino masses. His book History of the Filipino People is
widely used as textbook and some students consider it as their
bible in studying the history of the Philippines.
Zeus A. Salazar is a historian, an anthropologist and the proponent
of the "PantayongPananaw." His conceptual framework of
PantayongPananaw in Philippine social science refreshened the
nationalist perspective that lost its luster after the Marcos years.
PantayongPananaw has provided a powerful framework for a new
generation of Philippine scholars in writing the history and culture of
the Filipino "inert masses."With the arrival of Western colonizers,
Philippine "historiography was framed in Western language and ideology," a bias that
has been continued for several generations of Philippine historians. Salazar devoted
many of his writings to redress this imbalance of Filipino self-representation and
discourse. His analysis affected many of the approaches to writing social sciences,
especially psychology.
Ateneo Associate Professor Dr. Ambeth R. Ocampo has been
named recipient of the Fukuoka Academic Prize for being an
outstanding historian and intellectual. The Fukuoka Prize website
said Dr. Ocampo “made a great contribution to academic, cultural
and social progress in the Philippines, through his university
teaching, his writing for newspapers and magazines, and his service
in historic and cultural administration.”
https://www.google.com/search?q=ambeth+ocampo+contribution&authuser
Walden Bello is an intellectual and activist from the Philippines, who
has emerged as one of the leading critics of the current model of
economic globalisation. As a human rights and peace campaigner,
academic, environmentalist and journalist, he has made a major
contribution to the international case against corporate-driven
globalisation.Bello has campaigned for years for the withdrawal of US
military bases in the Philippines, Okinawa and South Korea and
helped set up several regional coalitions dedicated to denuclearisation, demilitarisation,
and developing a new kind of security plan based on meeting people’s needs. After
21
September 11, 2001, he was a leading voice from the Global South urging the US not to
resort to military intervention – which he believed would exacerbate the problem. (Social
Scientist in the field of sociology).
https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-alaureate/walden-bello/
"Professor Randy David has played a dynamic part in achieving
social justice in the Philippines by sharing his knowledge as a
sociologist widely through university education, TV programs, and
newspaper columns, and has made great efforts to promote
academic and cultural exchange among Asian countries and to
deepen their mutual understanding.
http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2019/0604_delima3.asp
http://www.prrm.org/prof-randy-s-david.html
Known for his insights and ideas that were considered ahead of his
times, Dr.Gerardo Sicat’s 11-year service in government as chief
economic planner was marked by a vigorous promotion of sound
macroeconomic management, economic reforms and preparations
for the national development plan. Largely through his leadership,
the Philippine economy experienced unprecedented growth despite
worldwide turbulence caused by various economic shocks. He was
also instrumental in forging stronger regional economic ties as he
headed the Philippine delegations to the ASEAN Economic Ministers from 1975 to
1981. The ASEAN initiated major economic cooperation programs during this period.
Considered the father of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), he
suggested the founding of the Institute in 1977 as a research arm of the government
that would assist decision makers in analyzing policy issues and in promoting freer
debate of socioeconomic concerns. He provided the Institute with the guidance and
inspiration that shaped its character and thrust as an independent and credible research
institute.
http://arellanohighschoolalumni.weebly.com/gerardo-sicat.html
Felipe LandaJocano, Professor Emeritus, is one of the country's
foremost anthropologists. He is widely known, here and abroad, for
his numerous field studies and publications on Philippine folklore,
pre-history, cultural communities, folk medicine and organizational
culture. Among his outstanding works are Sulod Society (1968);
Growing Up in a Philippine Barrio (1969); Slum as a Way of Life (
1975), Philippine Prehistory (1998) and the Hinilawod, a Central
Visayan
Folk
Epic
(reprinted
2007).https://ac.upd.edu.ph/index.php/resources/newsannouncements/1659-f-landa-jocano-1930-2013
22
Virgilio G. Enriquez (November 24, 1942 – August 31, 1994), also
known as Doc E, was a social psychologist and the Father of
Filipino psychology "Ama ng SikolohiyangPilipino".He is the founder
of the PambansangSamahansaSikolohiyang Pilipino, (corporate
name: National Association for Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Inc.). Through
his efforts and discoveries, the concept of psychology has gradually
been acknowledged by more people in the Philippines and other
non-western cultures. The research model he used provided
valuable information on culture-as-target and culture-as-source approach which have a
tremendous influence in regulating practical applications. Before Enriquez, the study of
psychology in the Philippines was not productive due to a language barrier; a large
amount of psychological literature from Western history was only available in English.
Enriquez's work inspired Filipino researchers with the concept of Western research
methods in psychology and have broadened the view of cross-cultural psychology.
Filipino psychology remains a controversial topic. From the perspective of future
development, Filipino psychology will pay more attention to individual and feminist
treatments. The current therapeutic methods given in Filipino psychology are more
group-oriented instead of individual-based thus individual patients will not receive
precise treatments and follow-up diagnosis corresponding to their conditions. There is
still an issue of unstandardized testing instruments in terms of therapeutic techniques
which lack proper regulations. In spite of its imperfections, the growth of Filipino
psychology has contributed to the increased social acceptance for psychological
disorders
and
initiative
for
seeking
effective
treatments.https://scholar.google.com.ph/citations?user=ZYcd9ZAAAAAJ&hl=en
Dr. Alfredo Lagmay greatly influenced the development of scientific
psychology in the Philippines. He introduced behavioral studies in
psychology and published numerous researches on experimental
analysis of behavior modification, relaxation and related states, and
hypnosis.
Allan B. I. Bernardo is a Filipino psychologist who is currently
Professor of Psychology at the University of Macau. His current
research interests relate to three themes: (a) how intergroup
ideologies (particularly polyculturalism) and other lay beliefs relate
to intercultural and intergroup relations, (b) social cognitions related
to socioeconomic inequality and socioeconomic mobility, and (c)
locus-of-hope and other positive character strengths relate to well23
being in Asian societies. In the past he has also done research on sociocultural
dimensions of achievement motivation, cognitions about learning, and achievement in
schools, with a focus on the roles of language, social axioms, and values. He has also
been a strong advocate of promoting psychology research in the Southeast Asian
region.
Alicia P. Magos is an anthropologist and a professor emerita of
University of the Philippines Visayas. She had extensive and
published works on the culture of Western Visayas especially on
the Panay Bukidnon. She was a UNESCO International Literary
Research Awardee and 1999 Metrobank Ten Outstanding
Teacher.[1] Magos started her work on the Sugidanon (to tell), the
epics of Panay in 1992 through a grant from the French
government. She first recorded two epics from a shaman chanter named Anggoran
(Christian name Preciosa “Susa” Caballero). In 1994, she further studied the extent of
epic dissemination in Central Panay and discovered a total of 10 epics. The epics are
the following: TikunKadlom, Amburukay, Derikaryong Pada, Balanakon, Kalampay,
Pahagunong, Sinagnayan, HumadapnonsaTarangban, Nagburuhisan, and Alayaw.[2]
Magos first inquired into the phenomenon of the binukot from a socio-political
perspective when she studied extensively the ma-aram (Babaylan) tradition in
Antique.[3]
Born on March 3, 1928, Dr. Gelia T. Castillo was a pioneer in
agriculture and sociology. Dr. Castillo conducted valuable
research to enhance rural development and improve the lives of
farmers. She also closely examined the dynamics of the Filipino
family, while championing the rights of women in Philippine
society.
Learning from and working with low-income families in
rural, agricultural communities, Dr. Castillo unearthed stories that speak of the Filipino
narrative. Through her research, she paved the way for this narrative to be rewritten
As a rural sociologist, she made significant contributions to our understanding of
the human side of agricultural practices and the Filipino family. Her work has been a
voice for the underprivileged and underrepresented rungs of society, helping people
who would have otherwise stayed trapped in the cycles of poverty that plague much of
Philippine
society.
24
Noted economist, a theorist with interests also in the policy area.
Professor and Dean, School of Economics of the University of the
Philippines. Dr. Jose Encarnacion is the first Filipino to publish in an
economic journal of international standing. His contributions to
economic theory have appeared in major journals in England and the
United States.
Professions in the Social Sciences
Social science is the study of society and the manner in which people behave
and impact the world. As a field of study, the social sciences seek to explain and
understand the nature of human experiences and the different mechanisms that operate
in every society. It can explain the causes of poverty, the reasons why elections are
held, or the causes of deviant behaviours in society. Most social science practitioners
are employed in different sectors in society such as in the national and local
government units and institutions, nongovernmental organizations, educational and
religious organizations.
Social scientists, the practitioners of the social sciences, have different
careers depending on their respective degrees and specialization. Every field of the
social sciences is focused on a specific aspect of society. Below are the different fields
of the social sciences and the different functions or specialization of the practitioners or
professionals in each discipline.
Economics
Economists study the optimum allocation of scarce resources and how
individuals interact within the social structure to address issues on production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economists try to explain the
question of “who gets what and why.”
Economists ask questions regarding how resources are allocated. Some of
the questions that economists have to deal with focus on the use and distribution of the
different resources in various economic systems.
Anthropology
Anthropologists study culture in the past and present time. To understand the
complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon
knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and
physical sciences. A major concern of anthropologists is the application of knowledge to
solve human problems. Anthropologists are trained in different areas, namely,
sociocultural anthropology, biological or physical anthropology, archaeology, and
25
anthropological linguistics. Cultural anthropology studies the development of human
cultures based on ethnologic, linguistic, social and psychological data of analysis
(Repko, 2008, p. 67). It explains how people in other societies live and the effects of
their environments to their respective lifestyles.Cultural anthropologists study how
people who share a common cultural system organize and shape the physical and
social world around them, and are in turn shaped by those ideas, behaviors, and
physical environments. Physical anthropology studies human biological nature,
particularly its beginning, evolution, and variation in prehistory. Archaeology studies
human life in the past through the examination of things left behind by the people from
the past. Anthropological linguistics studies language and their relationship to the
cultures in which they are used.
Anthropologists study culture. They are involved in different anthropological
endeavors that develop case histories of various tribal and ethnic groups and
descriptive accounts of the mores and patterns of people. Anthropologists are interested
in developing a total, interrelated picture of a society. Because of this, anthropology is
considered as an integrative science.
History
Historians study past human events in order to understand the meaning,
dynamics and relationship of the causes and effects of events as they happen through
time. Historians rely on primary and secondary sources to study past events. Primary
sources refer to eyewitness accounts or contemporaneous accounts about the event.
They also use secondary sources or evidences that are not eyewitness accounts and
are based from the primary sources.
Political Science
Political scientists study the different forms and processes of government and
the concepts of state, power, ideology, and politics and the effects of these concepts to
individuals and groups in society. They also examine the relationship between people
and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international levels.
Political science has several fields of study. It includes domestic politics, comparative
politics, international relations, political theory, public administration, and public law.
Domestic politics studies public opinion, elections, national and local governments.
Comparative politics studies politics within countries and analyzes the similarities and
differences between and among countries. International relations focus on the political
relationship and interaction between and among countries. Political theory studies
classical political philosophy and contemporary theories. Public administration studies
national and local governance and the bureaucracy. Public law examines legal systems,
civil rights, and criminal justice.
26
Psychology
Psychologists study how the human mind works in consonance with the body
to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions. A psychologist tries to understand
how people and groups experience the world through various emotions, ideas, and in
diverse conscious states. He uses a variety of skills in conducting psychological
researches. These skills include observation and analysis. Observation can be done by
watching human behaviour and writing down what is seen. Psychologists observe to
find patterns of behaviour or actions that occur in different times. They also look for
exceptions in the patterns of behavior. Another skill used by psychologists is analysis.
Through analysis, psychologists can determine and examine the meaning of the
different patterns and the reasons for the pattern exceptions. Some of the fields of
psychology include experimental psychology, developmental psychology, personality
psychology, social psychology, and environmental psychology. Experimental
psychology studies behavior of humans and animals and examines how and why
learning takes place. Developmental psychology studies the ways people change and
behave as they go through their life. Personality psychology studies human nature and
differences among people. Social psychology looks into the behavior of people in
groups. While environmental psychology studies the effects of surroundings on a
person’s attitude and behavior.
Sociology
Sociologists study people’s behavior in groups rather than in individuals.
They investigate why and how people interact with each other and how they function as
a society or social subgroups. Sociologists study human behavior, interaction, and
organization. They observe the activity of social, religious, political, and economic
groups, organizations, and institutions. They examine the effect of social influences,
including organizations and institutions, on different individuals and groups. The
methods used by sociologist to study group behaviours include observation and
analysis of human behaviour, surveys and personal interviews. Sociologists use
surveys or opinion polls to determine what people think about certain issues at a
specified time and place.
Applied sociology, urban sociology, cultural sociology, rural sociology,
medical sociology, sociological theory, sociology of education, political sociology, and
military sociology are the subfields that sociology major can pursue and specialize.
Applied sociology focuses on the use and proper application of sociological theories,
methods, and skills to examine data, solve problems, and communicate research to the
public. Urban sociology studies societal life and interactions in urban areas through the
application of sociological methods like statistical analysis and ethnographies. Cultural
sociology analyzes the development of social institutions, norms, and practices. Rural
27
sociology studies the social life of people in rural areas. Medical sociology examines the
societal aspects of health and medicine of people. Sociology of education analyzes how
social forces and institutions like politics, economic systems, and culture affect schools
and educational systems. Political sociology examines how social structures affect and
influence politics. Military sociology is a sociological study of the military organization,
the different civilian and military relationships, war experiences, and the use and control
of force.
Geography
Geographers study of the interaction between people and their environments.
Geographers probe into both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and their
relationship with human societies. They also examine how human culture interacts with
the natural environment and the impact of locations and places on people. The two
main branches of geography are physical geography and human geography. Physical
Geography studies the natural features of the earth, including land, water and
atmosphere. On the other hand, human geography studies how people create cultures
in their natural environments. Geographers developed five themes to understand the
importance of learning about the world. These included location, place, humanenvironment interaction, movement, and regions.
The Importance of Social Science
Social scientists study all aspects of society—from past events and
achievements to human behavior and relationships among groups. Their research
provides insights into the different ways individuals, groups, and institutions make
decisions, exercise power, and respond to change. They look at data in detail, such as
studying the data they've collected, reanalyzing already existing data, analyzing
historical records and documents, and interpreting the effect of location on culture and
other aspects of society. Through their studies and analyses, social scientists offer
insight into the physical, social, and cultural development of humans, as well as the
links between human activity and the environment.
The academic study and implementation of the social sciences can have a
huge benefit on society as a whole and on an individual level as well.
There are a variety of benefits that can be derived from a social scientist and
among these are the following:
Social Science as a Force for Greater Good
28
One of the key roles of social science is how it can affect decision making
when it comes to moving forward as a society, and eventually as an entire species.
We all want to live in a world that we consider safe, and where our human
rights are respected along with our basic dignity. However, due to different political
views, cultural and societal values, we don’t always agree on the best way to achieve
this. This is where social scientists come in to play.
Because social science focuses on the social advancement of humanity, it is
responsible for working alongside governments, social services, the media, and UN
organizations to influence the work of the big decision-makers.
It is partly responsible for new laws and regulations that govern how we work
and live. By understanding society and how it works it can help make decisions as to
how we can move forward.
Historical examples of this include providing opportunities for women to
become wage earners where such opportunities hadn’t previously existed. And also
reducing the risk of hunger in areas where starvation rates had previously been high.
In regards to the current COVID 19 pandemic, social science facilitates the
cross-referencing of the lessons learned from the Ebola crisis as well as ensuring a
multidisciplinary approach to community engagement.
Social scientists can influence where aid is sent to, and how existing laws
can be changed to meet societal demands that weren’t previously being met.
Imagining an Alternative Future
Social science opens up the opportunity for debate and provides us with the
chance to have our say when it comes to the development of society.
It can help us to forecast how new technologies will affect us. By raising the
questions associated with the large array of social, ethical, and legal issues that
surround the introduction of new technologies, they help us to have a better
understanding of the consequences of new technological developments.
When decisions around COVID 19 were made, it wasn’t entirely done by
scientists. Whilst scientists can study the virus and establish how best to control it
based on its behavior, social scientists are responsible for looking at how such
decisions will affect society as a whole.
The Importance of Our Health and Well-Being
By interpreting medical statistics and evaluating health care policies, social
scientists can help ensure that our health care systems work at an optimal level.
29
Where a nutritionist can provide the information necessary for an individual to
have a healthy and balanced diet, the social scientist can look further into geographical,
economic, and social factors that impact how obtainable such a diet might be.
Essentially, social science allows health care and health advice to be tailored
to individuals based on their social circumstances.
A Brighter Future for Our Children
A school’s effectiveness is determined by much more than its curriculum. A
top-down view of education might focus on academic prowess, but that doesn’t
necessarily mean it takes the well-being of its learners into account.
Schooling as a foundation for social learning might be just as important as
academic performance. By taking into account the viewpoints of children of all ages,
and their parents, education officials can make better decisions towards what makes an
effective school environment.
Democracy
Social science helps to educate the public regarding social policy. It raises
attention to a multiple of different perspectives on society and is supportive of the public
when it comes to holding politicians and the media to account.
Along with the transformation of media into the digital age, social science has
made modern democracy more transparent than it once was. It is much easier to
access multiple angles from peer-reviewed research individual topics of debate. Not
only that, but the internet allows us to share our own.
Personal Development
Understanding the world around us can certainly make living in it more
manageable. Not only that but by understanding society we better understand what we
need to do to contribute to it.
It broadens our horizons by opening our eyes to different social movements
and cultures. It promotes taking a multi-layered approach when forming opinions, thus
developing the power of thinking and reasoning.
By being mindful of the environment you are in and the factors that affect it,
you become more mindful of how you are within your environment.
30
What’s More
Activity 2: Form a Word
Directions: Arrange the letters to form a word and write the meaning of the word that
you have formed. All of these words are taken from this module. (Your answer is
equivalent to five points each.)
1. Ialocsncesice
2. Stsnomieco
3. Stsigoloporhtna
4. Uratlculropoogylthan
5. Pchosogyyl
6. Rianshisto
7. Emodcycra
8. Alysiphcrapgeoghy
9. Apiedplsolociogy
10. Alolitpiciologsocy
What I Have Learned
Directions: Research on the life, works, and writings of any Filipino Social Scientist.
31
What I Can Do
Direction: Make an Infographic about Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC).
1. Timeline/History
2. Goals and Mission, Membership and Linkages
3. Organizational Structure
Rubric for Infographic:
Category
Content
Graphics and
Clarity
Total Points
15
50
Visuals
Points
15
20
Post Test (Assessment)
Directions: Read the test items carefully and encircle the letter of your choice that best
answers the statement.
1. It is one of the benefits derived from Social Scientists idea. Social science helps
to educate the public regarding social policy. It raises attention to a multiple of
different perspectives on society and is supportive of the public when it comes to
holding politicians and the media to account.
A. Democracy
C. Education
B. Health and Well-Being
D. Economy
2. ___________ study all aspects of society—from past events and achievements
to human behavior and relationships among groups. Their research provides
insights into the different ways individuals, groups, and institutions make
decisions, exercise power, and respond to change.
A. Sociologists
C. Politicians
B. Social Workers
D. Social scientists
3. ___________ study of the interaction between people and their environments.
They probe into both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and their
relationship with human societies. They also examine how human culture
interacts with the natural environment and the impact of locations and places on
people.
A. Sociologists
C. Psychologists
B. Geographers
D. Geographists
32
4. ___________ study people’s behavior in groups rather than in individuals. They
investigate why and how people interact with each other and how they function
as a society or social subgroups.
A. Sociologists
C.Psychologists
B. Social Workers
D. Politicians
5. ___________ study how the human mind works in consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead to individual actions.
A. Psychometrician
C. Psychologists
B. Psychology
D. Psychometry
6. ___________ study the different forms and processes of government and the
concepts of state, power, ideology, and politics and the effects of these
concepts to individuals and groups in society.
A. Politicians
C. Political Scientists
B. Local Government
D. National Government
7. ___________study past human events in order to understand the meaning,
dynamics and relationship of the causes and effects of events as they happen
through time.
A. Historians
C. Travellers
B. Cultural Dance Troupe
D. Anthropologist
8. ___________ study culture in the past and present time.
A. Historians
C. Travellers
B. Cultural Dance Troupe
D. Anthropologist
9. ___________ study all aspects of society—from past events and achievements
to human behavior and relationships among groups. Their research provides
insights into the different ways individuals, groups, and institutions make
decisions, exercise power, and respond to change.
A. Sociologists
C. Politicians
B. Social Workers
D. Social scientists
10. It is the study of society and the manner in which people behave and impact the
world.
A. Social Problem
C. Political Science
B. Social Science
D. Political Problem
33
What I Know (Pre-test)
Directions: Read the test items carefully and encircle the letter of your choice that best
answers the statement.
1. A ______________ is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences
for large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or
behavior that needs to be addressed.
A. Social Problem
C. Behavioural Problem
B. Population Problem
D. Ethical Problem
2. The ______________component involves empirical evidence of the negative
consequences of a social condition or behavior.
A. Subjective
C. Objective
B. Predictive
D. Correlative
3. The ______________ component involves the perception that the condition or
behavior is indeed a problem that needs to be addressed.
A.
Subjective
C. Objective
B.
Predictive
D. Correlative
4. ______________ are created by the way the community or the society is
organized.
A. Problems of social organization
C. Problems of deviance
B. Problems of community organization
D. Societal Problems
5. ______________having to do with the adjustment of people to conventional
ways of living.
A. Problems of social organization
C. Problems of deviance
B. Problems of community organization
D. Societal Problems
6. The ______________ imagination refers to the ability to see the relationship
betweenindividual experiences and the larger society.
A. Psychological
C. Physical
B. Sociological
D. Social
7. The ______________approach involves the application and collaboration of
several separate branches or disciplines of the social science to examine and
solve present-day problems that plague society from each discipline’s
perspective.
A. Interdisciplinary
C. Disciplinary
B. Sectorial
D. Multidisciplinary
8. It is an example of social problem wherein the person involved faces great levels
of physical and mental stress, great family tension and a great variety of financial
consequences.
A. Poverty
C. Fanaticism
B. Unemployment
D. Rape
34
9. It is low sustained levels of income for the members of a community.
A. Unemployment
C. Fanaticism
B. Squatters
D. Poverty
10. It is an affective feeling towards a person or group member based solely on their
group membership
A.
Juvenile Delinquency
C. Fanaticism
B.
Racial Discrimination
D. Prejudice
35
Lesson
3
The Practical Use of Social Science in Addressing
Social Concerns and Phenomenon
What I need to know:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
•
•
Use the social science lenses to critically assess a social science problem, its
possible causes and implications.
Realized that as an individual, social problems can be addressed in the micro
level.
What’s In
In the previous lesson, we learned the roles and significance of social scientists
in the real world. We knew their big contributions to national development – how their
researches and activities help in developing a better nation to live in.
This time we will understand the practical use of social science in addressing
social problems and phenomenon.
.
36
What’s New
Activity 1: Directions:Identify some social problems and explain how these
problems are being addressed by the government.
Social
Problems
What Is It
A social problem is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for
large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that
needs to be addressed. This definition has both an objective component and a
subjective component.
The objective component involves empirical evidence of the negative
consequences of a social condition or behavior, while the subjective component
involves the perception that the condition or behavior is indeed a problem that needs to
be addressed.
The Natural History of a Social Problem
37
Stage 1: Emergence and Claims Making
A social problem emerges when a social entity (such as a social change group,
the news media, or influential politicians) begins to call attention to a condition or
behavior that it perceives to be undesirable and in need of remedy. It tries to influence
public perceptions of the problem, the reasons for it, and possible solutions to it. This
aspect of Stage 1 is called claims-making process as the social entity is making claims
about all these matters. However, not all efforts to turn a condition or behavior into a
social problem succeed, and as such, a social problem does not emerge.
Stage 2: Legitimacy
Once a social group succeeds in turning a condition or behavior into a social
problem, it usually tries to persuade the government (local, state, and/or federal) to take
some action—spending and policymaking—to address the problem. It tries to convince
the government that its claims about the problem are legitimate—that they make sense
and are supported by empirical (research-based) evidence.
Stage 3: Renewed Claims Making
Usually, the social change groups conclude that the action given by the
government is too limited in goals or scope to be able to successfully address the social
problem and hence, they often decide to press their demands anew. They reassert
their claims and criticize the official response they have received from the government
or other established interests.
Stage 4: Development of Alternative Strategies
When the social change groups are dissatisfied with the response given by the
government and established interest on their renewed claims and realized that these
claims may fail to win an adequate response, this leads them to develop their own
strategies for addressing the social problems.
Types of Social Problems
1. Problems of social organization - are created by the way the community or the
society is organized. Community or society produces situations that some members of
the society refuse to accept as right or necessary or even inevitable. Examples of
these are communalism, casteism, regionalism, poverty, gender discrimination,
population, environmental imbalance (different kinds of pollution, health hazards, etc.).
38
2. Problems of deviance - having to do with the adjustment of people to conventional
ways of living.These include, for example, delinquency, drug addiction, alcoholism,
mental illness, various forms of sexual behaviour (rape, incest, sodomy), bigamy,
prostitution, vandalism and host of other behaviours, most of which are forbidden by
law.
Some Examples of Social Problems
Sexual Aggression against Women
Feminist movements made this behavior a social problem during the 1970s.
Before this period, rape and sexual assault against women, although they already
existed, were not considered a social problem.
The Abortion
Although there is evidence that abortion has existed throughout history, there is
currently an awareness of this problem. The way it is treated by legal systems varies in
different countries.
In countries where abortion is legal, this practice has stabilized. But, in others,
abortion has reached epidemic proportions.
HIV and AIDS
There are prevention programs specially designed to target the most exposed
groups.These groups mostly belong to homosexual communities. Homosexuality is
illegal in around 73 countries. In these sites the risk groups cannot access HIV services.
Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency is a problem of modern society. It is related to social
maladjustment among young people.
Because of the serious and generalized nature of the matter, UNESCO has
created programs to address it. It is particularly acute in some of the most developed
countries.
Racial Discrimination
It consists in the arbitrary denial of civil rights for racial or ethnic reasons. The
use of the word arbitrary emphasizes that these groups are treated unequally only
because of their race and ethnicity.
This type of discrimination occurs in the daily life of minority racial groups: denial
of service or poor service in shops or restaurants, police harassment, etc.
39
Loneliness in Older Adults
Loneliness has been defined as a negative subjective feeling associated with a
perceived lack of a wider social network or the absence of a specific desired partner. It
is a problem associated with modern life in large cities.
Fanaticism
It is a stubborn and unreflective attachment to one's opinions. It is indifferent to
the truth and is highly detrimental to social unity.
It comes from several causes, often started at home, developed at school and
maintained by the media and government laws.
The Prejudice
It is an affective feeling towards a person or group member based solely on their
group membership. It refers to preconceived feelings, usually unfavourable towards
people for different reasons.
Unemployment
Work is the main source of income for individuals and families throughout the
world. The unemployed worker faces great levels of physical and mental stress, great
family tension and a great variety of financial consequences.
Poverty
It refers to low sustained levels of income for the members of a community.
According to experts, the five main factors of poverty (as a social problem) include:
ignorance, illness, apathy, dishonesty and dependency.
Causes of Social Problems
The causes of social problems may be three-fold but cannot be treated in
isolation:
(i) Individual
(ii) Cultural
(iii)Structural
The Sociological Imagination
The sociological imagination refers to the ability to see the relationship
betweenindividual experiences and the larger society (Kendall, 1998:7).
According to Mills (in Eitzen et al, 2009:14) "the task of sociology is to realize that
individual circumstances are inextricably linked to the structure of society."
To paraphrase C. Wright Mills (1959), people do not usually define their
personalproblems in terms of historical change and institutional contradictions. People
40
do notusually think of the connection between the patterns of their own lives and the
courseof world history.
People live out biographies in the context of world events that are in turn
determinedby historically specified conditions. Both the lives of individuals and the
course ofworld history are understood simultaneously.
The sociological imagination is stimulated by a willingness to view the
socialworld from the perspective of others.
It involves moving from thinking about the individual and his problems and
focusing on social, economic, and historical circumstances that produce the
problem.
Social Structure – Basic Unit of Analysis
The most common units of analysis are individuals, groups, social interactions,
organizations and institutions, and social and cultural artifacts
Information about individuals and their personal experiences can reveal patterns
and trends that are common to a society or particular groups within it, and can provide
insight into social problems and their solutions.
By studying groups sociologists can reveal how social structure and forces affect
whole categories of people on the basis of race, class, or gender, for example.
Sociologists have done this in pursuit of understanding a wide range of social
phenomena and problems, like for example this study that proved that living in a racist
place leads to Black people having worse health outcomes than white people.
Organizations differ from groups in the sense that they are more formal and
organized ways of collecting people together around specific goals and norms.
Sociologists who study organizations might also be interested in comparing different
examples of similar organizations to reveal the nuanced ways in which they operate,
and the values and norms that shape those operations.
Sociologists who study cultural artifacts might be interested in understanding
what a new trend in clothing, art, or music reveals about the contemporary values and
norms of the society that produces it and those who consume it, or they might be
interested in understanding how advertising might impact norms and behavior,
especially in terms of gender and sexuality, which has long been fertile ground for social
science research.
Sociologists who study social interactions might be interested in understanding
how larger social structures and forces shape how we behave and interact on a daily
basis, or how they shape traditions like Black Friday shopping or weddings. They might
also be interested in understanding how social order is maintained. Research has
shown that this is done in part by intentionally ignoring each other in crowded public
spaces.
Person-Blame Approach
41
People generally understand social problems as some sort of pathology
experiencedby individuals.This approach tends to assume that universal norms exist.
Behavior is deviant depending on how much it strays from these norms.Most people
define a social problem as behavior that deviates from the norms and standards of
society.
The following are examples of perspectives that replay on person-blame
approaches:
Cultural Deprivation -Eitzen et al. (2009:16) contends that people who blame the
victim often cite cultural deprivation as the "cause" of social problems. Culture is seen
as the "cause" of the problem.
Recidivism -refers to ex-offenders who are arrested for another criminal offense
once they have been released from jail.The person-blame approach might argue that
the fault lies in the characteristics of the individual.
Social Darwinism- Charles Darwin, of course, is famous for his Theory of
Evolution. In the world of biology, the species most fit survived while those less fit
eventually became extinct.Social Darwinists, therefore, oppose social programs
because, they argue, social programs perpetuate the existence of the unfit group who
would probably disappear in the absence of social welfare.
The Consequence of Blaming the Individual
Person-Blame distracts attention away from institutions. When one uses only the
person blame approach, it frees the government, the economy, and the educational
system (among other institutions) from blame. The person blame approach ignores the
strains that are caused by inequalities within the system.
Person-Blame makes it more difficult to institute systemic change.By excluding
the existing order from blame it makes it that much harder to initiate change in
economic, social, or political institutions.
Person-Blame allows the powerful to control dissidents. Blaming the individual
allows the government to "control" dissidents more easily. Deviants are sent to prisons
or hospitals for rehabilitation.
Person-Blame Reinforces Stereotypes.The person-blame approach tends to
support the Social Darwinist position that people are placed in the system according to
their ability or inability.
The System-Blame Approach
System-blamers argue that societal conditions are the primary source of social
problems. They may suggest that the key to understanding social problems is
understanding the distribution of power in society.
Problems with the System-blame Approach
Sometimes Individuals are the Problem - The system-blame approach may
absolve individuals from responsibility for their actions.
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System-Blame: A Dogmatic Approach? - It tends to present a picture that people
have no free will (Eitzen, 2000:15).
Approaches in Social Science that Help Address the Social Problems
Social problems are multilayered and affect not only one sector but the different
sectors of society. Therefore, to fully understand and address the problem, a
multidisciplinary approach must be utilized. The multidisciplinary approach involves the
application and collaboration of several separate branches or disciplines of the social
science to examine and solve present-day problems that plague society from each
discipline’s perspective.
Multidisciplinary researches are conducted in order to fully grasp the nature,
scope, and magnitude of the social problem. Problems that deal with social and
economic development require a multidisciplinary perspective because a disciplinebased approach to the problem will not provide a complete analysis of the social
problem. Multidisciplinary approaches are important in understanding and addressing
social problems because in the real world, policy researches or proposals drafted and
implemented to solve social problems are not crafted through the use of a single
discipline. These problems are structural and multilayered that needed a multifaceted
approach to solve.
Raymond C. Miller (1981), a professor of social science in San Francisco State
University noted that a disciplinal approach to address problems is a futile endeavour.
According to Miller (1981, pp. 6-7), this problem was experienced by economists when
they made several recommendations to less developed countries. Their disciplinal
approach to the problems of the less developed countries was “irrelevant or erroneous
due to their failure to consider the social and political context or the applicability of their
culture-bound models.”
In the Philippines, the different fields of the social sciences play a very important
role to help understand and provide alternative solutions to the country’s present-day
social problems. The use of the different approaches introduced by the social sciences
is important to understand the social problems because all our current social problems
are connected with the other problems. For example, poverty is a problem that can be
connected with unemployment, overpopulation, corruption, and underdevelopment. One
field of the social sciences will not be able to fully grasp the nature and extent of the
problem nor can it provide an integrative solution unless a multidisciplinary or a
multifaceted approach is used to understand the problem and its solution.
Below are examples of the different Philippine social problems and the different
social science disciplines that can help examine the nature, scope, and solution to the
problem.
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Examples Social Problems in the Philippines and the Multidisciplinary
Approaches to Address the Problem
Social Problem
Multidisciplinary
Address the Problem
Approaches
to
Poverty
Economic, Historical, Sociological,
Anthropological, and Political approaches
Unemployment
Economic, Historical, Sociological,
and Political approaches
Economic, Historical, Sociological,
Psychological.
Geographical,
Anthropological, and Political Approaches
Disasters
The multidisciplinary approach in the social sciences can play an important role
in understanding the multidimensional problem of poverty. The multidimensionality of
poverty can be explained and examined clearly by the social sciences because the
disciplines of the social sciences provide various lens to study the different aspects of
poverty. The social dimension of poverty can be explained and understood through the
study of the sociological theories of poverty. By understanding the sociological aspect of
poverty, social scientists can examine why people do not have access to sufficient
health care service and education. The political dimension of poverty can be understood
through the study of political science. Political scientists can explain how poverty can be
manifested in a country where its people cannot express their rights to free speech and
assembly. The cultural component of poverty can be explained by historians and
anthropologists because these social scientists studies people’s history and culture and
through history and anthropology, social scientists can determine and explain when and
how the rights of people to self-determination and cultural preservation were violated
through time.
Understanding unemployment and its solutions must employ a multidisciplinary
approach in the social sciences. The unemployment problem cannot be understood
economically. It also has historical, political and sociological dimensions as well. To
understand the nature and causes of unemployment in the Philippines, social scientists
must use history to examine the historical development of unemployment in the country.
Through the use of primary sources, historians can explain how the problem started
through time, what solutions were implemented before to address the problem, and how
the programs succeeded or failed when they were implemented. Sociologists can
provide an explanation of unemployment by looking at and investigating the reasons
why different age groups and social classes cannot find employment or why they do not
have jobs. The political approach to the study of poverty is also necessary because
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political scientists can examine how and why government policies are ineffective in
addressing the unemployment problem of the country.
Understanding and mitigating the effects of disasters require a multidisciplinary
approach as well. The multidisciplinary approach in the social sciences can provide a
holistic understanding of disasters. It can also help in the crafting of risk reduction
policies and disaster mitigating measures.
Economic Approach
Disasters always result in the loss of properties, crops, products and it also
affects the economy as a whole. An economic approach to the study of disasters is
important because economists can assess the impact of the disasters on the various
sectors of the Philippine economy whether at the macro-level or at the micro-level.
Historical Approach
Disasters have been affecting the Philippines since the early times and so it is
important to employ the historical approach to understand how disasters affected the
country through time. Through the study of the history of disasters, social scientists can
examine how the different disasters happened before and through this, government
officials would have sufficient knowledge about the disaster’s effects and magnitude.
Through this data, officials can implement policies that can reduce and mitigate the
impact of disasters.
Sociological Approach
Disasters affect societies and by studying the sociology of disasters, social
scientists can understand how disasters affect social organizations, families and other
institutions affected by the disasters. Sociologists can also help in the crafting of risk
reduction and mitigation policies against disasters because of their knowledge of the
social organizations and social interactions.
Psychological Approach
Psychologists play an important role in post-disaster efforts because many of the
victims suffer from post-traumatic stress. As trained psychologists, they can provide
emotional support to survivors and disaster victims. They can also help build the
resilience skills of victims. Psychologists can also provide inputs in the crafting of
policies and programs on risk reduction and post-disaster rehabilitation because they
have direct communication with disaster victims and survivors.
Anthropological Approach
Disasters also have an anthropological dimension that many do not take into
consideration. Disaster victims have cultural traditions and indigenous knowledge that
must be taken into account when crafting risk reduction and disaster mitigating policies.
Anthropologists are vital in understanding the culture of society because it can affect the
success or failure of programs and policies to help minimize or prevent the impact of
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disasters. Failure to acknowledge or consider the culture of victims can lead to more
harmful or devastating effects of the disaster to community or group. Sometimes, the
cultural beliefs of the victims can also help officials in understanding the nature of
disasters.
Geographical Approach
The geographical approach to the study and mitigation of disasters is important
because most natural hazards are environmental in nature. It is important to use
geography in understanding disasters because geographers develop and produce
maps, charts and other geographical aids that help government officials and even
people to understand the impact of the disaster. In the Philippines, geographers help
develop geo-hazard maps to highlight the different areas in the country that are highly
prone and susceptible to different natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
typhoons, and floods.
Political Approach
Disaster also needs political scientists to examine the different laws and policies
crafted to prevent and mitigate disasters. Political scientists can provide suggestions
and alternative policies that can help improve current programs and policies of the
government against disasters.
Interdisciplinary Approach to Study Society
Interdisciplinary social science approach or interdisciplinarity involves the
application of two or more fields of study or disciplines (sociology, economics. political
science, geography, anthropology, history, and psychology) to address and answer
social problems and issues. In this approach, a problem can be solved through the
analysis, synthesis, and coordination between and among the different disciplines to
form a coherent research. Most of the researches in the social sciences have shifted to
the application of interdisciplinary approaches in the study of society. This new form of
study provides a systematic way of providing answers to questions, solving problems,
and addressing very broad or complex topics through the application of the various
social science perspectives and integrating the data, information, techniques,
methodology, concepts, theories, and frameworks coming from two or more of its
diverse disciplines (Replok, 2008, p. 11).
Major Sociological Research Methods
1. Surveys - The survey is the most common method by which sociologists
gather their data.It gathers data with the help of a questionnaire that is given to a group
of respondents who are chosen randomly. Some surveys are face-to-face surveys, in
which interviewers meet with respondents to ask them questions.
2. Experiments - the researcher can be fairly sure of a cause-and-effect
relationship because of the way the experiment is set up. The typical experiment
consists of an experimental group and a control group, with subjects randomly
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assigned to either group. The researcher does something to the experimental group that
is not done to the control group. If the two groups differ later in some variable, then it is
safe to say that the condition to which the experimental group was subjected was
responsible for the difference that resulted.Most experiments take place in the
laboratory, which for psychologists may be a room with a one-way mirror, but some
experiments occur in the field, or in a natural setting (field experiments).
3. Observational Studies -Observational research, also called field research, is
a staple of sociology. Sociologists have long gone into the field to observe people and
social settings, and the result has been many rich descriptions and analyses of behavior
in juvenile gangs, bars, urban street corners, and even whole communities.
Observational studies consist of both participant observation and nonparticipant
observation.
4. Existing Data - Sometimes sociologists do not gather their own data but
instead analyze existing data that someone else has gathered.
Sociologists interested in crime and the criminal justice system may analyze data
from court records, while medical sociologists often analyze data from patient records at
hospitals. Analysis of existing data such as these is called secondary data analysis.
The Scientific Method and Objectivity
Formulating hypotheses, gathering and testing data, drawing conclusions, and so
forth are some of the rules of scientific method. These helps guarantee that research
yields the most accurate and reliable conclusions possible.
An overriding principle of the scientific method is that research should be
conducted as objectively as possible.This in turn means that they must not conduct their
research in a manner that helps achieve the results they expect to find. Such bias can
happen unconsciously, and the scientific method helps reduce the potential for this bias
as much as possible.Following the scientific method helps reduce this possible
influence.
What’s More
Activity 2: Essay. Write a 100-word essay and write your answer in a separate sheet
of paper.
1. What do you think is the most important social problem facing our nation right
now? Explain your answer.
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What I Have Learned
Activity 3: Social Problem Identification
Directions:
1. Scan articles from a newspaper and identify news that can be considered as a
social problem.
2. Create a graphic organizer regarding the cause and effect of an identified social
problem.
3. Provide possible solutions to the identified social problem.
What I Can Do
Activity 4: Directions: Devise a possible work plan to address poverty. Pick a local
place as your location. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
Rubric for Work Plan:
Points
Descriptor
1-2
Present a limited or partial work plan.
3-4
Present an adequate work plan.
5-6
Present a substantial work plan.
7-8
Present a detailed work plan.
Post Test
Directions: Read the test items carefully and encircle the letter of your choice that best
answers the statement.
1. The ______________ imagination refers to the ability to see the relationship
betweenindividual experiences and the larger society.
A. Psychological
C. Physical
B. Sociological
D. Social
2. The ______________approach involves the application and collaboration of several
separate branches or disciplines of the social science to examine and solve present-day
problems that plague society from each discipline’s perspective.
A. Interdisciplinary
C. Disciplinary
B. Sectorial
D. Multidisciplinary
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3. It is an example of social problem wherein the person involved faces great
levels of physical and mental stress, great family tension and a great variety
of financial consequences.
A.
B.
Poverty
Unemployment
C. Fanaticism
D. Rape
4. It is low sustained levels of income for the members of a community.
A.
B.
Unemployment
Squatters
C. Fanaticism
D. Poverty
5. It is an affective feeling towards a person or group member based solely on
their group membership
A. Juvenile Delinquency
C. Fanaticism
B. Racial Discrimination
D. Prejudice
6. A ______________ is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for
large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior
that needs to be addressed.
A. Social Problem
C. Behavioural Problem
B. Population Problem
D. Ethical Problem
7. The ______________component involves empirical evidence of the negative
consequences of a social condition or behavior.
A. Subjective
C. Objective
B. Predictive
D. Correlative
8. The ______________ component involves the perception that the condition or
behavior is indeed a problem that needs to be addressed.
A. Subjective
C. Objective
B. Predictive
D. Correlative
9. ______________ are created by the way the community or the society is
organized.
A.
B.
Problems of social organization
C. Problems of deviance
Problems of community organization
D. Societal Problems
______________having to do with the adjustment of people to
10.
conventional ways of living.
A.
B.
Problems of social organization
Problems of community organization
C. Problems of deviance
D. Societal Problems
Congratulations!
You have completed your journey in this module. You did a
great job. Now, you have clear ideas on the Role of Social
Science in the Real World.
Keep up the good work and keep on reading to learn more.
Good luck!
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REFERENCES
Online Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-Rizal
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https://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/marcelo-h-del-pilar-historical-landmark/
Zeus A. Salazar (Translator of Manifesto ng Partido Komunista) (goodreads.com)
Lesson 4 - 21st Century Filipino Social Thinkers.pdf - st 21 century filipino social
thinkers WHO ARE THEY HOW DID THEY INFLUENCE THE SOCIETY \u25aa \u25aa
| Course Hero
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1609313.A_History_of_the_Philippines
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https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-ssi/1995/Volume.pdf
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https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/109103022/pdf/mod1/lec2.pdf
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https://open.lib.umn.edu/socialproblems/chapter/1-4-doing-research-on-socialproblems/
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Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental
Don A. Velez St., Cagayan de Oro City
Contact number: 0917 899 2245
Email address: misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph
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